'Funding in full' proposed by Alexander Hamilton is considered a bad idea as it would disproportionately benefit the financial elite, speculators, and result in an unfair distribution of wealth.
One of the main criticisms is that funding the debt in full would benefit the mercantile, financial elite, and speculators. By paying off the debt at face value, it would provide a windfall to those who purchased government bonds at a significant discount during times of economic turmoil. This would result in an unfair distribution of wealth and exacerbate income inequality.
Another concern is that funding the debt in full would place a heavy burden on taxpayers. The cost of repaying the debt would require significant financial resources, potentially leading to increased taxes or reduced government spending in other important areas such as infrastructure, education, or social welfare programs. This could negatively impact the overall welfare of the population and hinder economic development.
Furthermore, fully funding the debt may not be the most efficient use of resources. The government could allocate funds towards productive investments or social programs that would yield long-term benefits for the economy and society. Prioritizing debt repayment over other pressing needs may hinder economic growth and social progress.
It is worth noting that the idea of 'funding in full' has its supporters as well. They argue that honoring the debt at face value would establish the credibility of the government and foster trust in financial markets. It could also provide stability and attract foreign investors.
In conclusion, the idea of 'funding in full' proposed by Alexander Hamilton is considered by some as a bad idea due to its potential to benefit a select few, burden taxpayers, and divert resources from other pressing needs. However, the debate on this issue continues, taking into account different perspectives and considerations.
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Which of the following budgets can be used for control? Budgeted
income statement Production budget All of these Selling and
administrative expense budget Cash budget
All of these budgets are valuable tools for control purposes, allowing management to compare actual performance with the budgeted figures, identify discrepancies, and make informed decisions to ensure financial stability and efficiency.
How can these budgets be used for control?All of the budgets mentioned can be used for control purposes.
1. Budgeted Income Statement: This budget provides an overview of expected revenues and expenses for a specific period. By comparing the actual income statement with the budgeted one, management can identify variations and take corrective actions if necessary. It helps in controlling costs, monitoring profitability, and making strategic decisions.
2. Production Budget: The production budget outlines the estimated number of units to be produced during a given period. By comparing the actual production with the budgeted figures, management can evaluate the efficiency of production processes, identify any deviations, and adjust production levels accordingly.
3. Selling and Administrative Expense Budget: This budget estimates the expected costs associated with selling and administrative activities, such as marketing, sales, and general administrative expenses. Monitoring actual expenses against the budgeted amounts helps in controlling and managing these costs, ensuring they remain within acceptable limits.
4. Cash Budget: The cash budget forecasts the cash inflows and outflows for a specific period, helping management to assess the organization's cash position. By comparing actual cash flows with the budgeted amounts, it allows for better control over cash management, identifying potential cash shortages or surpluses, and taking appropriate actions to maintain liquidity.
In summary, all of these budgets are valuable tools for control purposes, allowing management to compare actual performance with the budgeted figures, identify discrepancies, and make informed decisions to ensure financial stability and efficiency.
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survivorship bias occurs when mutual funds are merged or liquidated and only surviving funds' performance is reported. group of answer choices true false
Survivorship bias occurs when mutual funds are merged or liquidated and only surviving funds' performance is reported. The statement is True.
The term "survival bias" describes the propensity to only pay attention to the things or people who are still alive in a sample or dataset, while neglecting those who have been destroyed or ceased to exist.
Survivorship bias arises in the context of mutual funds when only the performance of the surviving funds is taken into account or reported, while the underperforming or liquidated funds are left out of the study. T
Therefore, the statement is true.
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Question 3 (Marks: 20)
As a result of Covid‐19, imports have been restricted and Rosebank College has numerous issues regarding the supply of textbooks which impacts students’ academic journey, particularly the completion of assessments.
Q.3.1 In your own words, discuss any three of the various sources available to identify the right suppliers in relation to Rosebank College. (12)
Q.3.2 Briefly discuss any two purchasing and supply management process risks that Rosebank College may be experiencing. (8)
1. Sources that can be used to identify the right suppliers in relation to Rosebank College are online directories, trade publications, and social media platforms
2. Purchasing and supply management process risks that Rosebank College may be experiencing are supply chain disruption risk and quality risk.
1. Various sources available to identify the right suppliers in relation to Rosebank College are:
1. Online directories: Several online directories provide a list of suppliers, allowing the college to browse through the list and choose one that meets their requirements. Some directories are specialized in certain industries, while others are more general and encompass a variety of sectors. For example, ThomasNet and Alibaba.
2. Trade publications: Trade publications provide insights into industry trends, upcoming events, and news about suppliers, which can be useful for identifying the right suppliers. For example, IndustryWeek and Supply Chain Digest.
3. Social media platforms: Social media platforms are a good source to find and engage with potential suppliers. For instance, LinkedIn is a professional social media platform where suppliers can promote their products or services, post content about their company, and interact with customers.
2. Two purchasing and supply management process risks that Rosebank College may be experiencing are:
1. Supply chain disruption risk: The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant supply chain disruptions, which can affect the availability and delivery of goods and services. The college may face difficulties in getting textbooks delivered on time, leading to delays in the completion of assessments.
2. Quality risk: If the college is unable to identify the right supplier, they may receive textbooks that do not meet their quality standards. This can lead to students receiving inadequate or incorrect information and can impact their academic journey negatively.
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H Problem Walk-Through A firm's bonds have a maturity of 12 years with a $1,000 face value, have an 8% semiannual coupon, are callable in 6 years at $1,060.37, and currently sell at a price of $1,113.
The nominal yield to maturity (YTM) is approximately 5.41%.
The nominal yield to call (YTC) is approximately 6.54%.
To calculate the nominal yield to maturity (YTM) and the nominal yield to call (YTC) for the given bond, we will use the following formula:
Yield = (Annual Interest Payment + [(Face Value - Purchase Price) / Years]) / Purchase Price
Nominal Yield to Maturity (YTM):
The bond has a maturity of 12 years, a face value of $1,000, and an 8% semiannual coupon. To calculate the YTM, we first need to determine the annual interest payment and the number of years.
Annual Interest Payment = (Coupon Rate * Face Value) / 2
Annual Interest Payment = (0.08 * $1,000) / 2
Annual Interest Payment = $40
Years = Maturity in years = 12
Purchase Price = $1,113 (given)
YTM = (Annual Interest Payment + [(Face Value - Purchase Price) / Years]) / Purchase Price
YTM = ($40 + [($1,000 - $1,113) / 12]) / $1,113
YTM ≈ 0.0541 or 5.41% (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the nominal yield to maturity is approximately 5.41%.
Nominal Yield to Call (YTC):
The bond is callable in 6 years at a price of $1,060.37. We need to calculate the YTC using the same formula but with the number of years equal to the call period, and the purchase price as the call price.
Years = Call Period = 6
Purchase Price (for YTC) = Call Price = $1,060.37 (given)
YTC = (Annual Interest Payment + [(Face Value - Purchase Price) / Years]) / Purchase Price
YTC = ($40 + [($1,000 - $1,060.37) / 6]) / $1,060.37
YTC ≈ 0.0654 or 6.54% (rounded to two decimal places)
The nominal yield to call is approximately 6.54%.
Therefore,
The nominal yield to maturity (YTM) is approximately 5.41%.
The nominal yield to call (YTC) is approximately 6.54%.
The question should be:-
H Problem Walk-Through A firm's bonds have a maturity of 12 years with a $1,000 face value, have an 8% semiannual coupon, are callable in 6 years at $1,060.37, and currently sell at a price of $1,113. What is nominal yield to maturity and nominal yield to call?
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What are the psychological social engineering attacks? Describe
the types by using examples. Which type of these attacks are more
dangerous for an organization?
Psychological social engineering attacks involve manipulating individuals through psychological tactics to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or perform malicious actions. These attacks exploit human vulnerabilities, such as trust, curiosity, and fear, rather than relying solely on technical vulnerabilities.
Here are some types of psychological social engineering attacks:
Phishing: Phishing attacks involve sending deceptive emails or messages that appear legitimate, tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions unknowingly. For example, an attacker may send an email pretending to be a trusted organization.
Pretexting: Pretexting involves creating a fictional scenario or pretext to deceive individuals and extract information from them. An example is a scammer posing as a tech support representative and contacting a person, claiming there is a problem with their computer.
Baiting: Baiting attacks involve offering something enticing to lure individuals into performing a specific action. For instance, an attacker may leave a USB drive labeled "Confidential" in a public place, hoping someone picks it up and inserts it into their computer, unknowingly installing malware.
Tailgating: Tailgating or piggybacking occurs when an attacker gains unauthorized access to a restricted area by following closely behind an authorized person. For example, an attacker might pretend to be an employee and convince a genuine employee to hold the door open for them, allowing access to a secure area.
Spear phishing: Spear phishing is a targeted form of phishing where attackers personalize their messages to specific individuals or organizations. They gather information about the target and use it to craft highly convincing messages. For example, an attacker might send an email to an employee, posing as their boss, and requesting sensitive data.
In terms of danger to organizations, spear phishing attacks are often considered more dangerous. They are highly tailored and sophisticated, targeting specific individuals within an organization. By gaining access to an employee's account or credentials, attackers can potentially infiltrate the organization's systems, conduct espionage, or launch further attacks.
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explain the differences that exist between incorporating the tbl framework into the service industry and the manufacturing industry, and why.
The main difference between incorporating the TBL (Triple Bottom Line) framework into the service industry and the manufacturing industry lies in the nature of their operations.
The service industry primarily deals with intangible products and focuses on delivering experiences, while the manufacturing industry produces tangible goods. Consequently, the TBL framework implementation will vary based on their distinct impacts on social, environmental, and economic aspects.
In the service industry, incorporating the TBL framework involves emphasizing social and environmental considerations in the delivery of services. It focuses on aspects such as employee welfare, community engagement, customer satisfaction, and environmental sustainability in service operations. Economic aspects are also important but may be more indirectly related to the service value proposition.
In the manufacturing industry, the TBL framework encompasses a broader scope, including the supply chain, production processes, and product life cycle. It involves integrating sustainable practices throughout the value chain, optimizing resource efficiency, reducing waste, and ensuring fair labor practices. Economic viability remains crucial, but it is often tied more closely to cost management, efficiency, and product quality.
Overall, while both industries can benefit from adopting the TBL framework, their specific implementation will differ based on the unique nature of their operations and the areas of impact they prioritize.
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Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is a wholesale company that buys sports clothing from manufacturers and sells it to various retail stores. It had the following transactions during its first year of operations. The company's fiscal year end is December 31
1. Issued common shares for $550,000.
2. Paid an insurance premium of $24,000 on May 1 that provides coverage for the 12-month period starting August 1.
3. Purchased $79,500 of clothing inventory on account.
4. Paid $36,900 in wages to employees and still owed $12,000
5. Sales recorded for the period totalled $195,000, 60% on credit. The cost of the inventory sold was $95,000
6. Cash collections on customer accounts totalled $16,000.
7. Payments to suppliers for clothing inventory purchased for the year totaled $45,000.
8. Purchased some new office equipment on June 1 that cost $10,000 on credit. This machine has a useful life of 5 years and a residual value of $1,200.
9. The company paid cash of $2,000 as a deposit on a new piece of machinery that is expected to be received within a year. The value of the equipment is $12,000 and will have a useful life of 6 years and has no residual value.
10. A customer paid a cash deposit of $1,500 for an order of clothes that will be delivered next year. The value of the clothes is $4,000.
11. Dividends of $2,000 were declared and paid
b. Calculate the ending cash balance. DO NOT PUT COMMAS OR $ SIGNS IN YOUR ANSWER
The ending cash balance for Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is -$181,900.
This machine has a useful life of 5 years and a residual value of $1,200The company paid cash of $2,000 as a deposit on a new piece of machinery that is expected to be received within a year. The value of the equipment is $12,000 and will have a useful life of 6 years and has no residual value.A customer paid a cash deposit of $1,500 for an order of clothes that will be delivered next year.
The value of the clothes is $4,000.Dividends of $2,000 were declared and paid.The ending cash balance is calculated by adding the cash balance at the beginning of the period to the cash inflows and deducting the cash outflows. We will use the formula below to calculate the ending cash balance.Beginning cash balance + Cash inflows - Cash outflows = Ending cash balance
From the information given, the following is a summary of the cash inflows and outflows.
Cash inflows:Collections from customers = $16,000Cash deposit received = $1,500Total cash inflows = $17,500Cash outflows:Payment of insurance premium = $24,000Purchase of inventory = $79,500Payment of wages = $36,900Payment to suppliers = $45,000
Purchase of equipment = $10,000Cash deposit on new machinery = $2,000Dividends paid = $2,000Total cash outflows = $199,400
Therefore, the ending cash balance can be calculated by using the formula as follows:Beginning cash balance + Cash inflows - Cash outflows = Ending cash balanceBeginning cash balance = $0Cash inflows = $17,500Cash outflows = $199,400Ending cash balance = 0 + 17,500 - 199,400 = -181,900Thus, the ending cash balance for Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is -$181,900.
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A restaurant prepares 200.00 pizza slices and sells them at a rate of $15.00/slice. Expenses for the restaurant include raw material for pizza at $4.00 per slice, $107.00 for monthly rental and monthly insurance of $37.00. Lost sale are taken as $6.00 per unhappy customer. Leftover pizza can be sold for $2.00. The restaurant is open only for 25 days in a month. Today there was a party at nearby office so the demand for pizza went up to 227.00 slices. How much profit could the restaurant earn today?
The restaurant could earn a profit of [tex]\$2,515.00[/tex] today.
To calculate the profit the restaurant could earn today, we need to consider the revenue from pizza sales and deduct the expenses, including the cost of raw materials, monthly rental, insurance, and any potential losses from unhappy customers.
Revenue from pizza sales:
Number of slices sold at [tex]\$15.00[/tex] per slice = [tex]227 \ slices \times \$15.00 \ per \ slice[/tex][tex]= \$3,405.00[/tex]
Expenses:
Cost of raw materials: [tex]Number \ of \ slices \ sold \times Cost \ per \ slice = 227 \ slices \times \$4.00 \ per \ slice = \$908.00\\Monthly \ rental: \$107.00\\Monthly \ insurance: \$37.00[/tex]
Losses from unhappy customers:
Number of unhappy customers = Number of slices not sold = [tex]200[/tex] slices - [tex]227[/tex] slices = [tex]-27[/tex] slices (negative indicates leftover pizza)
Losses from unhappy customers = Number of unhappy customers * Loss per customer = [tex]-27[/tex] slices [tex]\times[/tex] [tex]\$6.00 \ per \ customer[/tex] =[tex]\ -\$162.00[/tex] (negative indicates reduced losses)
Total expenses = Cost of raw materials + Monthly rental + Monthly insurance + Losses from unhappy customers
Total expenses = [tex]\$908.00 + \$107.00 + \$37.00 - \$162.00 = \$890.00[/tex]
Profit = Revenue - Total expenses
Profit = [tex]\$3,405.00 - \$890.00 = \$2,515.00[/tex]
Therefore, the restaurant could earn a profit of [tex]\$2,515.00[/tex] today.
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Ralph, a salesperson for Southwest Corporation, learns that Southwest will be merging with Northeast Corporation. Ralph buys 1,000 shares of Southwest stock. When the price of the Southwest stock increases, Ralph sells his shares for a profit. Ralph would not be liable for insider trading if the information about the merger was O a. material when he sold the stock. b. public after he bought the stock. O c. inside information. d. public before he bought the stock.
The insider trading occurs when people trade stock based on non-public information about the company. This activity is illegal and attracts strict penalties. The traders are supposed to make stock trades based on public information that is readily available and free for all to access.
Insider trading is a fraudulent activity that involves individuals trading on a company's stocks based on non-public information. This practice is illegal and attracts severe penalties. Ralph, a salesperson for Southwest Corporation, learns that Southwest will be merging with Northeast Corporation. Ralph buys 1,000 shares of Southwest stock. When the price of the Southwest stock increases, Ralph sells his shares for a profit. Ralph would not be liable for insider trading if the information about the merger was public before he bought the stock.
In this case, Ralph would have made a legitimate trade based on the available public information.The insider trading can affect the stock price of a company and give unfair advantages to those who have access to non-public information. The practice is also unfair to those who have legitimate stock holdings and rely on the public information available in making their trades. Insider trading is not limited to company insiders only. Anyone with access to non-public information about a company and trades based on that information is liable to insider trading penalties.
Ralph would not be liable for insider trading if the information about the merger was public before he bought the stock. The insider trading occurs when people trade stock based on non-public information about the company. This practice is illegal and attracts strict penalties. The traders are supposed to make stock trades based on public information that is readily available and free for all to access. The insider trading can affect the stock price of a company and give unfair advantages to those who have access to non-public information.
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You have been asked to estimate the optimal working capital, as a percent of revenues, for an auto-parts manufacturing firm that currently maintains a net working capital of 10% of revenues. The firm currently has revenues of $100 million and after-tax operating income of $10 million, and it expects the latter to grow 5% a year in perpetuity. The current cost of capital is 11%. The following table provides estimates of growth and costs of capital at different levels of working capital, ranging from 0% to 100%:
a. Estimate the value of the firm at the current working capital ratio.
b. Estimate the optimal working capital proportion for this firm.
c. What would the optimal working capital proportion for this firm be if the cost of capital were unaffected by the changes in working capital?
a. The value of the firm at the current working capital ratio is $166.67 million.
b. The optimal working capital proportion for this firm needs to be determined based on further analysis.
c. The optimal working capital proportion for this firm would remain the same if the cost of capital were unaffected by changes in working capital.
How We Calculated The Optimal Working Capitala. To estimate the value of the firm at the current working capital ratio, we need to calculate the present value of the perpetuity of after-tax operating income.
Using the Gordon Growth Model:
Value of the firm = After-tax operating income / (Cost of capital - Growth rate)
Value of the firm = $10 million / (0.11 - 0.05) = $166.67 million
b. To estimate the optimal working capital proportion for this firm, we need to find the working capital ratio that maximizes the value of the firm.
We can do this by calculating the present value of the perpetuity of after-tax operating income for each working capital ratio and selecting the ratio that results in the highest firm value.
c. If the cost of capital were unaffected by changes in working capital, the optimal working capital proportion would be the one that maximizes the firm's operating efficiency and liquidity.
It would be determined based on factors such as inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and accounts payable turnover, aiming to minimize holding costs and maximize cash flow.
The specific optimal working capital proportion would need to be determined based on a detailed analysis of the firm's operations and financial metrics.
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Examine the importance of the external environmental scanning
(external audit or industry analysis) to strategic management. Give
TWO (2) reasons to support your answer.
External environmental scanning, external audit, or industry analysis refers to the study of a company's external environment to identify the opportunities and threats that exist.
Environmental scanning plays a critical role in strategic management because it allows businesses to anticipate and respond to external forces that may impact their operations. This answer will discuss the importance of external environmental scanning to strategic management, as well as two reasons to support this conclusion. Importance of External Environmental Scanning to Strategic Management
1. Opportunities: Environmental scanning helps companies identify opportunities in their external environment. Opportunities may arise from emerging trends, changing consumer preferences, or new technologies. By identifying these opportunities early on, companies can develop strategies to capitalize on them, giving them a competitive advantage in the market.
2. Threats: Environmental scanning also helps businesses to identify potential threats in their external environment. Threats may come from new competitors, changing regulations, or changing consumer preferences. By identifying these threats early on, companies can develop strategies to mitigate them and prepare for any changes that may impact their operations. This helps companies remain competitive in the market and protect their profitability. In conclusion, external environmental scanning is an essential part of strategic management because it helps companies identify opportunities and threats in their external environment.
Two reasons to support this conclusion are that environmental scanning helps companies identify opportunities and threats early on, allowing them to develop strategies to capitalize on or mitigate them, which ultimately helps companies remain competitive and protect their profitability.
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Bond Y is a premium bond with a coupon rate of 8 percent. Bond Z is a discount bond with a coupon rate of 6.1 percent. Both bonds make annual payments and have a YTM of 7.1 percent, a par value of $1,000, and six years to maturity.
Requirement 1: What is the current yield for Bond Y? For Bond Z?
Requirement 2: If interest rates remain unchanged, what is the expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond Y? For Bond Z? (Hint: find the value of the bond 1 year from today)
1. The current yield for Bond Y is approximately 7.57%, and for Bond Z, it is around 6.47%.
2. The expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond Y is approximately 2.65%, and for Bond Z, it is approximately 3.37%.
How to calculate current yield?The current yield is calculated as the annual coupon payment divided by the current market price of the bond, expressed as a percentage.
For Bond Y:
Coupon rate = 8% (0.08)
Par value = $1,000
YTM = 7.1% (0.071)
Current yield for Bond Y = (Coupon payment / Market price) * 100
Since Bond Y is a premium bond, its market price will be higher than the par value. To calculate the market price, we need to find the present value of the bond's cash flows.
Coupon payment for Bond Y = Coupon rate * Par value = 0.08 * $1,000 = $80
The bond pays the coupon payment annually for six years, and the par value is returned at maturity. Using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity and the present value of a lump sum:
Market price of Bond Y = [($80 / (1 + 0.071)^1) + ($80 / (1 + 0.071)^2) + ... + ($80 / (1 + 0.071)^6)] + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.071)^6)
Calculating this value using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, we find the market price of Bond Y to be approximately $1,057.28.
Current yield for Bond Y = ($80 / $1,057.28) * 100 ≈ 7.57%
For Bond Z:
Coupon rate = 6.1% (0.061)
Par value = $1,000
YTM = 7.1% (0.071)
Current yield for Bond Z = (Coupon payment / Market price) * 100
Since Bond Z is a discount bond, its market price will be lower than the par value. Using the same formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity and the present value of a lump sum:
Market price of Bond Z = [($61 / (1 + 0.071)^1) + ($61 / (1 + 0.071)^2) + ... + ($61 / (1 + 0.071)^6)] + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.071)^6)
Calculating this value using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, we find the market price of Bond Z to be approximately $942.39.
Current yield for Bond Z = ($61 / $942.39) * 100 ≈ 6.47%
How to determine expected capital gains yield?The expected capital gains yield over the next year can be calculated as the difference between the expected future market price and the current market price, expressed as a percentage.
For Bond Y, we need to find the future market price of the bond after one year. Using the same formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity and the present value of a lump sum, but substituting five years instead of six:
Future market price of Bond Y = [($80 / (1 + 0.071)^2) + ($80 / (1 + 0.071)^3) + ... + ($80 / (1 + 0.071)^6)] + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.071)^6)
Calculating this value, we find the future market price of Bond Y to be approximately $1,085.25.
Expected capital gains yield for Bond Y = (Future market price - Current market price) / Current market price * 100
Expected capital gains yield for Bond Y = ($1,085.25 - $1,057.28) / $1,057.28 * 100 ≈ 2.65%
For Bond Z, we
follow the same procedure to find the future market price after one year:
Future market price of Bond Z = [($61 / (1 + 0.071)^2) + ($61 / (1 + 0.071)^3) + ... + ($61 / (1 + 0.071)^6)] + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.071)^6)
Calculating this value, we find the future market price of Bond Z to be approximately $974.12.
Expected capital gains yield for Bond Z = (Future market price - Current market price) / Current market price * 100
Expected capital gains yield for Bond Z = ($974.12 - $942.39) / $942.39 * 100 ≈ 3.37%
Therefore, the expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond Y is approximately 2.65% and for Bond Z is approximately 3.37%.
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in perfect competition, a firm's marginal revenue curve a. is always above the demand curve facing the firm. b. intersects the demand curve when marginal revenue is minimized. c. and the demand curve facing the firm are identical. d. is always below the demand curve facing the firm.
Therefore, option c is correct: "In perfect competition, a firm's marginal revenue curve and the demand curve facing the firm are identical."
In perfect competition, a firm's marginal revenue curve and the demand curve facing the firm are identical.Perfect competition refers to a scenario in which no single market player has sufficient market power to influence the price of the product. In such a scenario, each player is a price taker, which implies that the market sets the price and firms adjust their output accordingly.
Marginal revenue (MR) is the extra income generated by the production and sale of one additional unit of output. The demand curve shows the quantity of the product that consumers are willing and able to purchase at each price level.A firm's marginal revenue curve in perfect competition is the same as its demand curve.
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A bank has written a European call option on one stock and a European put on another stock. For the first option, the stock price is 52, the strike price is 85, the volatility is 45% per annum, and the time to maturity is ten months. For the second option, the stock price is 32, the strike price is 18, the volatility is 36% per annum, and the time to maturity is 1 year. Neither stock pays a dividend, the risk-free rate is 2% per annum, and the correlation between stock returns is 0.8. a. Calculate a 10-day 97.5% VaR using only deltas. (4 marks) b. By how much does diversification reduce the 10-day 97.5% VaR?
10-day 97.5% Va R calculation using deltas :
Delta for the call option = N(d1) = N(d2+σ√T)where
d1 = [ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T]/
σ√Td2 = d1 -
σ√Twhere
S = 52 (stock price)K = 85 (strike price)r = 2% (risk-free rate)σ = 45% (volatility per annum)t = 10/12 years = 0.8333 years Using the formulae above,
we get:d1 = [ln(52/85) + (0.02 + 0.45²/2) × 0.8333] / (0.45√0.8333) = -0.7350d2 = -0.7350 - 0.45√0.8333 = -1.3087∴ N(d1) = N(-0.7350) = 0.2315∴ N(d2) = N(-1.3087) = 0.0965∴ Delta for the call option = 0.2315Delta for the put option = N(d1 - σ√T)where d1 = [ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T]/σ√TUsing the same values of S, K, r, σ, and t as above, we get:d1 = [ln(32/18) + (0.02 + 0.36²/2) × 1] / (0.36√1) = 2.8931∴ N(d1 - σ√T) = N(2.8931 - 0.36√1) = N(2.5331) = 0.9943
∴ Delta for the put option = 0.9943The VaR using only deltas is:VaR = [(Delta for the call option × stock price for the call option) + (Delta for the put option × stock price for the put option)] × 0.975 = [(0.2315 × 52) + (0.9943 × 32)] × 0.975 = $49.43b) The correlation between the stock returns is 0.8. Therefore, diversification reduces the 10-day 97.5% VaR by 2(0.8 × 0.9943 × 0.2315) = 0.3675 or 36.75%. Answer: 36.75%.
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arry age 36 is a Master welder who works for Oklahoma welding Company, his wife Kay also 36 yrs old has a job with the local oil company.
Larry's Salary: $40,000
Kay's Salary: $20,000
Larry's 401K deferral: $4000
Kay's 401K deferral: $2000
Both have a student loan interest of $290
They both file "Married filed jointly" and so take a standard deduction of $24,400
With the above information, calculate the taxable income of Larry family:
Group of answer choices
$60,000
$54,000
$29,310
$53,710
Acording to the details about Larry and Kay's household, we can pin the taxable income of the family to: $53,710
What is taxable income?Taxable income refers to the income by a household that is subject to taxation. This is calculated by subtracting the adjusted gross income from the gross income of the family.
The adjusted gross income of this family is 60,000 and this is obtained by summing the salaries of the two individuals. Next, we calculate the items that are not taxable as follows:
4000 + 2000 + 290 = 6,290
Now, we subtract the total or gross income from the non-taxable income to have $53,710.
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a) An Australian manufacturing company is exporting goods to Thailand. In order to ascertain the firm’s competitiveness in the foreign market, it needs to calculate the THB/AUD cross-rate. A FX dealer quotes the following rates:
USD/AUD 1.3112-32
USD/THB 4.2300–50
Calculate the THB/AUD cross rate.
The THB/AUD cross rate is approximately 3.2233.
To calculate the THB/AUD cross rate, we need to use the given rates of USD/AUD and USD/THB for calculation.
Given data:
USD/AUD: 1.3112-32
USD/THB: 4.2300-50
To obtain the THB/AUD cross rate, we can divide the USD/THB rate by the USD/AUD rate. However, since we have a bid-ask spread for both rates, Now we will use the midpoint of the bid-ask spread to calculate the cross rate.
USD/AUD = (1.3112 + 1.3132) / 2 ≈ 1.3122
USD/THB = (4.2300 + 4.2350) / 2 ≈ 4.2325
THB/AUD = USD/THB / USD/AUD
THB/AUD ≈ 4.2325 / 1.3122 ≈ 3.2233
Therefore, the THB/AUD cross rate is approximately found to be 3.2233.
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Jack offers to sell Jill his automobile for $10,000. Jill says she must think about but that she is not rejecting his offer. Jill goes home that day and comes to the realization that $10,000 is a great deal. She sends Jack a letter of acceptance by mail at 4pm by placing it in the drop box at the post office. Jill did not know that Jack had sent her a revocation letter at 3:30 from a different post office. The letter of revocation is scheduled for delivery the next day at 10am. What result
Answer:
The sale of the car is canceled
Explanation:
For two reasons I think this. Jack had already sent out a letter to jill stating that the car is no longer for sale. As the current owner of the vechile he has the right at any point in time to draw out of the deal up till the actual signing over of the car.
The following accounts were taken from the Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet:
Accumulated Depreciation $ 2,342
Fees Earned 14,693
Depreciation Expense 819
Insurance Expense 445
Prepaid Insurance 4,745
Supplies 1,006
Supplies Expense 3,188
Net income for the period is
a.$2,148
b.$7,899
c.$4,452
d.$10,241
The net income for the period is $10,241, which corresponds to option d.
To calculate the net income for the period, we need to consider the revenues (income) and expenses listed in the given accounts.
In this case:
Fees Earned = $14,693 (revenue)
Depreciation Expense = $819 (expense)
Insurance Expense = $445 (expense)
Supplies Expense = $3,188 (expense)
Net Income = Revenues - Expenses
Net Income = Fees Earned - (Depreciation Expense + Insurance Expense + Supplies Expense)
Net Income = $14,693 - ($819 + $445 + $3,188)
Net Income = $14,693 - $4,452
Net Income = $10,241
Therefore, the net income = $10,241 ( option d ).
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Sammy is considering a new project it hopes can boost the stock price (and make all stakeholders happy). The project has an upfront cost of $63,000 and projected cash inflows of $19,000 in Year 1, $34,000 in Year 2, and $29,000 in Year 3. The firm uses 33 percent debt and 67 percent common equity as its capital structure. The company's cost of equity is 13.8 percent while the aftertax cost of debt for the firm is 7.5 percent. What is the projected net present value of the new project (PLEASE SHOW WORK)
The projected net present value of the new project is $2,595.65. Since the NPV is positive, it suggests that the project has the potential to generate a return that exceeds the cost of capital and can add value to the firm.
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the new project, we need to discount the projected cash inflows to their present values and then subtract the upfront cost.
Step 1: Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) using the firm's capital structure:
Weighted cost of equity = Cost of equity * Equity weight
= 13.8% * 67%
= 9.246%
Weighted cost of debt = Aftertax cost of debt * Debt weight
= 7.5% * 33%
= 2.475%
WACC = Weighted cost of equity + Weighted cost of debt
= 9.246% + 2.475%
= 11.721%
Step 2: Discount the projected cash inflows to their present values:
Year 1:
Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^1
= $19,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^1
= $16,997.87
Year 2:
Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^2
= $34,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^2
= $27,313.11
Year 3:Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^3
= $29,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^3
= $21,284.67
Step 3: Calculate the NPV by summing the present values of the cash inflows and subtracting the upfront cost:
NPV = Present value of Year 1 + Present value of Year 2 + Present value of Year 3 - Upfront cost
= $16,997.87 + $27,313.11 + $21,284.67 - $63,000
= $2,595.65
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Using the Rule of 72, what approximate annual rate of return will an investor receive over a 15-year period if their original investment quadruples in value? Enter your answer as a decimal out to four decimal places. As an example, you would enter 1.146 % as 0.0146.
Therefore, the approximate annual rate of return that the investor will receive over the 15-year period is approximately 9.6%, expressed as a decimal to four decimal places, it is 0.0960.
The Rule of 72 is a simplified method used to estimate the number of years it takes for an investment to double, given a fixed annual rate of return.To estimate the annual using the Rule of 72, we divide 72 by the number of years it takes for the investment to double.
In this case, the original investment quadruples in value over a 15-year period. Since quadrupling is equivalent to doubling twice, we can divide 15 by 2 to determine the approximate number of years it takes for the investment to double.
Number of years to double = 15 / 2 = 7.5 years
Now, to estimate the annual rate of return, we divide 72 by the number of years to double:
Approximate annual rate of return = 72 / 7.5 ≈ 9.6
the approximate annual rate of return that the investor will receive over the 15-year period is approximately 9.6%,
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subject: Analysis of financial statements
Note: Please solve full question and also share working
notes..
this is full question
Problem: INCOME STATEMENT Net sales Cost of goods Gross profit Income from Short term Investment Operating Expenses Financial Expenses Depreciation expense Income before tax Income tax expense Net inc
Income statement is a financial statement that reports a company's revenues and expenses and the resulting net income or loss for a given period. Gross profit, operating expenses, depreciation expense, income before tax, income tax expense, net income are all the components of the income statement.
The income statement is the financial statement that reports a company's revenues and expenses and the resulting net income or loss for a given period. The components of the income statement include net sales, cost of goods, gross profit, income from short term investment, operating expenses, financial expenses, depreciation expense, income before tax, income tax expense, net income. All these are interlinked components of an income statement that reflect the profitability of a company. The gross profit is computed by deducting the cost of goods from the net sales, and then operating expenses are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at income before tax. After adjusting for income tax expense, net income is arrived at, which reflects the company's profitability.
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Prepare a comprehensive brief and a thumbnail brief using the IRAC method for Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
IRAC is an acronym for Issue, Rule, Application, and Conclusion. This method is commonly used by law students and lawyers to organize their legal analysis and thoughts.
Here is a comprehensive brief and a thumbnail brief using the IRAC method for Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803). IRAC Comprehensive Brief for Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803) Issue: Whether the United States Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress unconstitutional? Rule: Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to hear cases arising under the Constitution, and laws made under it.
The court has the power of judicial review, which includes the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. Application: William Marbury was one of the so-called "midnight judges" appointed by outgoing President John Adams.
However, the new Secretary of State, James Madison, failed to deliver the commission to Marbury. Marbury sought a writ of mandamus, asking the Supreme Court to compel Madison to deliver the commission. Chief Justice John Marshall held that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which authorized the Supreme Court to issue writs of mandamus, was unconstitutional. T
he court could not expand its original jurisdiction beyond what was granted by the Constitution. Conclusion: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which includes the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
The Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional to the extent that it expanded the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Therefore, the court did not have the authority to issue a writ of mandamus.
IRAC Thumbnail Brief for Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803)I = The power of judicial review R = The court cannot expand its original jurisdiction beyond what was granted by the Constitution A = The Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional C = The court did not have the authority to issue a writ of mandamus.
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Burning Bush Industries provides you with the following data: 2016 Revenue $56 million Net Profit Margin 7.7% Shares Outstanding 3.9 million Price per Share $29.4 What is the 2016 price-to-earnings (P
The 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is 26.48 if Revenue is $56 million, Net Profit Margin is 7.7% and Shares Outstanding 3.9 million with a Price per Share of $29.4.
Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E ratio) is a valuation ratio that measures how much investors are willing to pay for a company's earnings. It is calculated by dividing the price per share by earnings per share (EPS).
To find the 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, we first need to calculate the earnings per share (EPS) for the year 2016.
Net profit margin = (Net profit/Revenue) x 1007.7% = (Net profit/Revenue) x 100
Net profit/Revenue = 7.7/100 = 0.077
Net profit = 0.077 x 56,000,000 = $4,312,000EPS = Net profit/Shares
Outstanding EPS = $4,312,000/3,900,000 = $1.1077.6
Therefore, the earnings per share for the year 2016 is $1.11.
The P/E ratio for 2016 can be calculated by dividing the price per share by earnings per share (EPS).P/E ratio = Price per share/EPS
Price per share = $29.4
P/E ratio = $29.4/$1.11
P/E ratio = 26.48
Therefore, the 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is 26.48.
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list the basic conponents of collaborative negociation
Collaborative negotiation is a bargaining technique or strategy where the parties work together to create a mutually beneficial solution or agreement.
Listed below are the basic components of collaborative negotiation:
1. Identify the problem: The first step is to recognize the issue that needs to be resolved.
2. Set the objectives: Determine what each party expects to achieve from the negotiation and the outcome that both parties seek.
3. Discuss interests: Discuss the interests of each party and the underlying reasons for the negotiation.
4. Share information: Provide information that is relevant and necessary to achieve a mutually beneficial agreement.
5. Brainstorm options: Create possible options that satisfy each party’s interests, and discuss each option.
6. Evaluate the options: Evaluate and eliminate options that do not satisfy both parties interests.
7. Make a decision: Make a final decision and create a written agreement based on the selected option.
8. Implement and review: Implement the agreement and review it regularly to make sure that it is working effectively and efficiently.
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a) The weekly demand for pancakes among the 2021 cohort of B$c Admin students at UGBS as estimated by the tsearch unit in the FinanceDepuriment&s given by Qd, =50-4Px +0.51 +10P, 2P,
Where Ox is the quantity demuoded for pancakes, Ps is the pace of pancake, I is the income of contumers in Gluma cedis. Py and Pa are the prices of two goods that are reluted to pancales.
Based on the demand function above, what type of goods are pancakes?
Explain your answer.
1. Based on the demand function above, what us the relationship between
pancakes and good Y. Explan your answer.
it Bused on the demand function above, what is the relationship between
pancakes and good 2. Explain yout answer.
What is the equaton of the demand for pancakes if consumer incomes areCH830, the pace of good Y is GHS 10 and the price of pood 2. is GH$ 209
Graph the demand functon for pancakes from(iv)
Then the graph of the demand function is attached accordingly.
What is the explanation for the above?1) Pancakes are still considered normal goods due to the positive coefficient (0.51) for income (I), indicating that as income increases, the demand for pancakes also increases.
2) The relationship between pancakes and good Y remains positive. As the price of good Y (Py) increases, the quantity demanded of pancakes (Qd) also increases, suggesting that pancakes and good Y are substitutes.
3) With the inclusion of the coefficient (2) for good two (Pa), we can determine that there is a positive relationship between pancakes and good two. As the price of good two (Pa) increases, the quantity demanded of pancakes (Qd) also increases.
4) To calculate the equation of the demand for pancakes given consumer income (I), the price of good Y (Py), and the price of good two (Pa), we substitute the respective values into the demand function.
5) To graph the demand function for pancakes, plot the quantity demanded (Qd) against the price of pancakes (Px) while keeping income (I), the price of good Y (Py), and the price of good two (Pa) constant.
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shepherd franklin purchased 130 shares of stock for $90 a share. james also paid a $55 commission. what was the total purchase price for this transaction?
The total purchase price for the transaction was $11,755.
To calculate the total purchase price, we multiply the number of shares purchased (130) by the price per share ($90). This gives us the total cost of the shares, which is $11,700. Additionally, we need to consider the commission paid by James, which is $55. Therefore, we add the commission to the cost of the shares to get the total purchase price, which is $11,700 + $55 = $11,755.
In conclusion, the total purchase price for Shepherd Franklin's transaction, including the cost of the shares and the commission, amounts to $11,755. This reflects the combined expenses associated with acquiring the 130 shares of stock at $90 per share, along with the additional $55 commission.
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Assume that Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola are substitutes. A rise in
the price of Coca-Cola will have which of the following effects on
the market for Pepsi-Cola?
Assume that Pepsi and Coca-Cola are Substitutes. The Pepsi demand curve will shift to the right as a result of an increase in the price of Coca-Cola. It is option B.
The demand curve moves to the right if demand for each price level rises. The demand curve will turn left in the opposite direction if demand for each price level decreases.
A good that can be used in place of another is called a substitute. Substitutes have a significant impact in the commercial center and are viewed as an advantage for shoppers. They give customers more options, making it easier for them to meet their needs.
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Question:
Assume that Pepsi and Coca-Cola are equivalents. Which of the following effects will a rise in the cost of Coca-Cola have on the market for Pepsi?
a decline in the direction of the Pepsi demand curve.
b. A shift in the Pepsi demand curve to the right.
c. A development up along the Pepsi request bend.
d. A shift in the Pepsi demand curve to the left.
As an Uber Driver, you have to pay 1800$ Mortgage next week, so we have to make sure that we've that much balance in our bank account. And you have a family too. Rules:- No credit card Cannot take loan from friend, bank and relative.
Given the constraints of not having a credit card and being unable to take a loan from friends, banks, or relatives, here are a few suggestions to ensure that you have enough funds to pay your $1,800 mortgage:
Increase your earnings: As an U-ber driver, you can try to maximize your earnings by working additional hours or during peak demand periods. This may involve driving during weekends or evenings when there is higher demand for rides.
Cut back on expenses: Review your current expenses and identify areas where you can cut back. Look for discretionary expenses that can be temporarily reduced or eliminated to free up more funds for your mortgage payment. This could include reducing dining out, entertainment expenses, or non-essential subscriptions.
Find alternative sources of income: Explore additional ways to generate income outside of your regular Uber driving. You could consider taking on part-time or temporary jobs that align with your skills and availability. This could be freelancing, odd jobs, or online work.
Use cashback and rewards: If you have any existing cashback or rewards programs, make sure to utilize them when making purchases. This can help you save some money and accumulate rewards that can be used towards your mortgage payment.
Seek assistance or resources: Research local community organizations or government programs that may provide financial assistance or resources for individuals in need. These programs can offer temporary relief and support during challenging times.
Remember, it's essential to plan and budget wisely to ensure that you can meet your financial obligations and provide for your family's needs. Consider creating a long-term financial plan to build up savings and establish a safety net for future unexpected expenses.
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Question 4 (15 Points, each 5):How would you interpret the coefficient of B₂ in each model? a) Ln(Y) = B + B, Ln(X1) + BLn(X2) + u, 0 b) Y = B + B, Ln(X1) + B₂Ln(X2)+u, c) Ln(Y)=B+ B, X1 + BxX2 + u,
The interpretation of the coefficient of B₂ depends on the specific model and the transformation of variables used. It indicates the expected change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the respective independent variable, given the other variables in the model are held constant.
The coefficient of B₂ in each model represents the estimated effect or impact of the variable X2 on the dependent variable Y, while controlling for other variables in the respective models.
a) In model a, the coefficient of B₂, when exponentiated (since both Y and X2 are in logarithmic form), represents the percentage change in Y associated with a one-unit percentage change in X2, holding other variables constant.
b) In model b, the coefficient of B₂ represents the change in Y associated with a one-unit change in X2, while keeping other variables constant. This model assumes a linear relationship between Y and X2.
c) In model c, the coefficient of B₂ represents the change in the natural logarithm of Y associated with a one-unit change in X2, while other variables are held constant. This model assumes a linear relationship between the logarithm of Y and X2.
Overall, the interpretation of the coefficient of B₂ depends on the specific model and the transformation of variables used. It indicates the expected change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the respective independent variable, given the other variables in the model are held constant.
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In the AD/AS model with an upward sloping SRAS curve, if autonomous net exports decreases by $75 billion and the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.75, then there is a(n) V [Select] in [Select] by [Select] billion.
In the AD/AS model with an upward sloping SRAS curve, if autonomous net exports decrease by $75 billion and the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.75, then there is a(n) [Select: decrease] in [Select: aggregate demand] by [Select: $300] billion.
Explanation:
Given that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.75, it means that for every additional dollar of income, consumers will spend 75 cents and save 25 cents. When autonomous net exports decrease by $75 billion, it affects the aggregate demand (AD) in the economy. The decrease in net exports leads to a decrease in the overall level of spending in the economy.
To calculate the change in aggregate demand, we multiply the change in net exports by the multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In this case, the change in net exports is -$75 billion, and the multiplier is 1 / (1 - MPC) = 1 / (1 - 0.75) = 1 / 0.25 = 4.
Change in aggregate demand = Change in net exports * Multiplier
= -$75 billion * 4
= -$300 billion
Therefore, there is a decrease in aggregate demand by $300 billion.
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