Answer:
The Supreme Court's opinion in the Brown v. Board of Education case of 1954 legally ended decades of racial segregation in America's public schools. Originally named after Oliver Brown, the first of many plaintiffs listed in the lower court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved six separate segregation cases from four states, consolidated under the name Brown v. Board of Education. While the attorneys originally argued the cases on appeal to the Court in 1952, the featured document, School Segregation Cases - Order of Argument, offers a window into the three days in December of 1953 during which the attorneys reargued the cases.
A reargument was necessary because the Court desired briefs from both sides that would answer five questions, all having to do with the attorneys' opinions on whether or not Congress had segregation in public schools in mind when the 14th amendment was ratified. The document lists the names of each case, the states from which they came, the order in which the Court heard them, the names of the attorneys for the appellants and appellees, the total time allotted for arguments, and the dates over which the arguments took place.
The first case listed, Briggs v. Elliott, originated in Clarendon County, South Carolina, in the fall of 1950. Harry Briggs was one of twenty plaintiffs who were charging that R.W. Elliott, as president of the Clarendon County School Board, violated their right to equal protection under the fourteenth amendment by upholding the county's segregated education law. Briggs featured social science testimony on behalf of the plaintiffs from some of the nation's leading child psychologists, such as Dr. Kenneth Clark, whose famous doll study concluded that segregation negatively affected the self-esteem and psyche of African-American children. Such testimony was groundbreaking because on only one other occasion in U.S. history had a plaintiff attempted to present such evidence before the Court.
Explanation:
What has the Patriot Act accomplished?
We have been able to foil terrorist plots and dismantle cells right here in the United States because to the PATRIOT Act.
What three things did the Patriot Act allow?Enabling the use of wiretapping or monitoring by law enforcement to look into offenses related to terrorism. enabling law enforcement officials to ask a court for authorization to employ wiretaps to locate a specific terrorist suspect. enabling delayed notice search warrants to keep terrorists from finding out they are suspects.
What does the Patriot Act protect?Searches using "Sneak & Peek" The Patriot Act fundamentally alters Establishment Clause privacy rights with court orders by allowing federal law enforcement organizations to postpone giving notice while conducting covert searches of Americans' workplaces and homes.
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What are the three to national security?
The security of the a nation has several facets, encompassing financial stability, energy security, security, environmental protection, food production, border protection, and cyber security, given the diversity of hazards.
What aspects of national security are there?Many elements influence a nation's national security strategy, notably perceived attacks, topography, political culture, military prowess, economic requirements, elite and public opinion (in democracies), and the leaders' perceptions of the nation's priorities.
How crucial is national security to our day-to-day existence?The vitality of our society depends fundamentally on the safety of our people. Building inclusive, safe, and responsive communities that are sustainable will continue to be a top national goal.
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What is the most important resource for a lobbyist?
The ACRA suggests that chapters think about working with a lobbyist or lobbying company to best perform the legislative duties of monitoring and lobbying.
What tool is the most crucial for a lobbyist?According to a recent survey, a reputation for being reliable and trustworthy was revealed to be the resource that people valued the most. Congressmen must feel at ease speaking with lobbyists from interest groups in order to discuss their issues in-depth.
What are the requirements for a successful lobbyist?A lobbyist is more likely to be successful if the people they are trying to sway like them personally (for example, if they are well-spoken, have a sense of humor, are highly knowledgeable and credible, have the ability to empathize, and are well-mannered).
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What is the decision of a lower court?
Lower court make decisions that can be reviewed or appealed to a higher (appellate) court.
What is lower court?A lower court, also known as an inferior court, is a court from which an appeal can be taken, usually referring to courts other than the Supreme Court. In the case of an appeal from one court to another, the lower court is the one whose decision is being reviewed; this could be the original trial court or an appellate court lower in rank than the supreme court hearing the appeal. In other words, lower courts are 'lower' in hierarchical chain of appellate procedure than other higher appellate courts.Even in civil law countries where precedents have no binding power, it is usually the obligation of a lower court to follow the decision of a higher appellate court.Hence, Lower court make decisions that can be reviewed or appealed to a higher (appellate) court.
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What is the role of political action committees?
A political action committee (PAC) in the US is a 527 organization that collects member campaign contributions and distributes those monies to campaigns for or against candidates, legislation, or ballot initiatives.
In an effort to reform campaign finance in the US, the legal term PAC was developed. Political Action Committees (PACs) take part in electioneering with the aid of using supporting to fund campaigns, supplying testimony, and recruiting participants to volunteer for candidates. A six-member bipartisan company created with the aid of using the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974.
PACS breaks down the bodily and time obstacles related to conventional film-primarily based totally photo retrieval, distribution, and display. Moreover, it is able to take care of photos from diverse scientific imaging instruments, consisting of ultrasound, MR, positron emission tomography, CT, etc. Political Action Committee (PAC) a personal institution that increases and distributes budget to be used in election campaigns. Allowed to present a restricted amount of cash without delay to a candidate.
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What to do if someone claimed me on their taxes without my permission?
If someone claims you on their taxes without your permission, you should claim yourself and send this to the IRS, if you are not a dependent that the person can claim.
What to do when claimed on taxes without permission ?You don't have to give authorization for someone to claim you as a dependent if you meet the requirements on their return.
You should file a paper return, claiming yourself as independent, and send it to the IRS if you decide that nobody has the right to do so. They will then get in touch with you and whoever claimed you before adjusting your tax outcome as necessary.
You must file your tax return as though you are an independent, not someone else's claimant. You must print your return and mail it to the IRS and your state. The IRS will review both your return and the return of the party who made the claim.
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What are the 3 types of jurisdiction?
What is an example of US sanction on another country?
Sanctions imposed by the US government include:
a ban on the shipping of weapons.limits on the export of dual-purpose technologiesmonetary help restrictions.Financial limitations: The United States is required to prevent loans from the World Bank and other foreign financial institutions.What does it look like when the US imposes sanctions on another country?As a result of utilizing economic sanctions against Iran and North Korea, such as tariffs, to stop these countries from deploying WMD, President Donald Trump and the United States of America have gained notoriety. The development of nuclear weapons has been successfully halted by economic sanctions against Iran, whereas the development of conventional weapons has been successfully halted by economic restrictions against North Korea.
Whom do US sanctions cover?All U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens, regardless of where they reside, as well as all individuals and entities based in the country, as well as all U.S.-incorporated businesses and their overseas branches, are required to abide by OFAC regulations.
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Companies who manufacture safes are always looking to improve their design. Their customers count on them to provide technology that is impossible to hack so that whatever is stored inside their safes is unreachable to a thief. There are those who are always examining the new technology to try to find a way in. A person who specializes in unlocking expensive safes for a living would be most likely classified as a:.
In the situation given above, it can be stated that a person who specializes in unlocking expensive safes for a living would be most likely classified as a professional thief.
A thief can be referred to or considered as a professional who is involved in making money for living through the primary job of stealing money and things, having money's worth, as such. The daily activities of a professional thief might include unlocking expensive safes for a living. It is an illegal profession, and highly punishable under the constitution.
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What cases do district courts hear the most?
Within the federal court system, district courts preside over both civil and criminal trials.
What kind of legal dispute arises most frequently?There are five different sorts of legal systems: mixed law, common law, customary law, and religious law. The Indian Judicial System has four different categories of legislation. The police are in charge of enforcing criminal law .Governs cases involving murder, assault, and robbery.These are some of the cases that show up in civil court the most frequently.Contractual Conflicts. When one or more parties to a contract are unable or unwilling to carry out their commitments, a contract conflict will result.The district courts can hear most federal cases, including civil and criminal cases. There are 94 federal judicial districts in the United States and its territories.The state courts try defendants charged with state crimes and the federal sys- tem deals with those charged with federal crimes. Far more criminal trials take place in state courts, because states have traditionally handled most criminal offenses.Property Conflicts.Torts.Class action litigation.Disputations with the city.To learn more about criminal law refer to:
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How can our knowledge of politics and governance help us become effective citizens?
Politicians and those who understand government are able to influence the system in their favor. They could even be able to influence system changes that benefit them.
Why is it so important for citizens to get involved in politics?The people who will be their representatives and advocates for their causes choose the leaders. The right to vote in federal elections and the ability to run for federal office are two privileges that are exclusive to American citizens. Numerous Senators and Representatives in the United States are naturalized citizens.
Political knowledge does, in fact, support more stable and consistent political attitudes, assist citizens in realizing their own objectives and making choices that are consistent with their preferences and attitudes, encourage support for democratic values, make it simpler to have faith in the political system, and encourage political participation.
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What is another name for judicial activism?
tentino successfully won his discrimination suit against his company. which of the following is not a remedy that is available to him under title vii?
3 years of backpay were not available to him under title vii.
What is Title vii?As part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII forbids discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, pregnancy, or national origin in almost all employment-related situations. Employers with 15 or more employees must generally comply with Title VII. By requiring employers to base their hiring decisions solely on factual, employment-related factors, Title VII provisions aim to "level the playing field." Due to the documented history of discrimination in each of the aforementioned classes, such individuals are regarded as "protected" under Title VII.
What remedies are available under Title VII?Up to two years' worth of back pay, compensatory and punitive penalties, legal expenses, court costs, court orders (including reinstatement), and remedial seniority are all examples of damages under Title VII.
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Complete question:Tentino successfully won his discrimination suit against his company. Which of the following is not a remedy that is available to him under Title VII?
A) Court costs
B) Attorney fees
C) 3 years of backpay
D) Compensatory damages
E) Punitive damages
How many types of courts are there in Pakistan?
Types of courts in Pakistan: Commercial court. Bank court. Accountability court. Court of Appeal Tax Office. Customs Appeal Court. drug court. Competition Appeals Court.
What are the General Courts?Supreme court. Court of Appeals. District court. Metropolitan Court of Justice. District court proceedings in the city. City district court.
What is a First Class Court?These first-level courts are commonly referred to as the Metropolitan Trial Court (MeTC), Municipal Trial Courts (MTC), Municipal Trial Courts in Cities (MTCC) and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTC). MeTC is the first level court in Metro Manila.
What is the name of the lower court?In both federal and state courts, cases start at the lowest level: US District or State Court Proceedings respectively. If parties disagree with the outcome at court level, they may appeal to higher courts and ultimately to the United States Supreme Court.
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Why is the legislative branch of government considered important in our government and our society as a whole?
The legislative branch is made up of the House and the Senate, generally known as the Congress. In addition, the legislative branch has the power to create all laws, declare war, control interstate and international trade, and determine the most important taxes and expenditures.
What is the most important responsibility of the legislative branch?One of the three equal branches of government, Congress is granted a variety of significant powers by the Constitution. Congress, which has total legislative authority, is the only arm of government with the power to pass new laws or alter ones that already exist.
Many factors make legislative power important. The first is that it creates the legislation that governs the nation. The second is that it is responsible for oversight by the government. The third is the power to declare war that it possesses.
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What are the 5 roles of the executive branch?
The executive branch is led by the president, who constitutional duties include acting as head of state, commander in chief of the armed forces, treaty negotiator, federal judge, ambassador, and cabinet official.
What is the executive?Government's executive branch is in charge of governing a state and enforcing the law. Aiming to prevent the consolidation of power in the hands of a single group of people, authority in political systems built on the division of powers is divided among many branches. The executive is not in charge of enacting or interpreting legislation in such a system. Some sorts of law, such executive orders and decrees, can come from the executive. Only the executive branch of government is usually referred to in parliamentary political systems that combine powers; this is because the executive is typically either a constituent part of the legislature or is subject to its approval, and as a result is fused to the legislative rather than being an independent branch of government.
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Can a accused person fight his own case?
A criminal defendant may only represent themselves if the judge determines that they are competent to do so.
How do juries operate?A judge is someone who is appointed or chosen to preside over legal proceedings. Judges must be impartial and make an effort to correctly interpret the intent, applicability, and implications of the law. Judges must understand that justice is more than just following the law; it also calls for compassion and understanding for the parties involved in the conflict.
A judge is bound by the Judiciary, state constitution, the federal constitution, and the laws of the state in which they sit. They must also be fair, neutral, and unbiased in order to take into account all relevant information before reaching a conclusion.
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Does Jefferson use more pathos or logos in the declaration?
Answer:
Pathos
Explanation:
He talks about how U.S. should become independent from the British and evokes a heroic and daring emotion from the audience.
What are the methods of voting in the House?
Voting in the House can be done in four different ways: by voice, by division, by yeas and nays, and by recorded vote. As part of the Committee of a Whole
How does The Voice voting work?Register at nbc.com/Voice Vote. Then, you just need to click just on artist whose work you want to support and give them the amount of votes you want to cast. then select "Cast Your Vote" from the menu. By 2022, this voting process will permit a maximum of 10 ballots per email address.
How can I vote for The Voice online?You can also vote on nbc.com/Voice Vote or get a list of available voting options at nbc.com/Voice Methods. The Voice Official App is simply one of the ways to support artists on the show through voting. For
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What is the purpose of education in the United States?
These included:
Gaining self-awareness; Acquiring social and life skills; Improving life prospects and quality of life; and Facilitating future employment and financial security.What purpose does education serve in America?The main goal of the American educational system is to provide all children with a high-quality education that will enable them to reach their full potential as individuals, actively engage as members of a free society, and successfully compete in a changing global marketplace.
What purpose does education fulfill in contemporary society?Through education, everyone gets the chance to pick up new knowledge and soft skills that will improve their lives. Children that acquire an education learn to value themselves, their goals, and their knowledge from an early age. They also learn to appreciate the opportunity they have been given once in a lifetime.
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How does lobbying affect law making?
Lobbying can influence law making because lobbyists are very attentive to the legislation that has been made and follow anything that concerns their group's interests.
Why lobbying is a legal activity?Lobbying is often misinterpreted or criticized as corrupt, but it is not. Lobbying is an activity by individuals or organizations whereby public campaigns (legally registered with the government) are carried out to pressure the government to take political action. specific tool book. The legitimacy of lobbying is rooted in our Constitution and participatory democracy. By rule of law, the Lobbying Disclosure Act also provides for the legality of political lobbying.
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What is inauguration ceremony?
The formal process of appointing someone to a significant office or the ceremony that does so
What might an inauguration look like?Additionally, it can describe the procedure of putting something into use through a formal ceremony. The term "inauguration" is also frequently used to describe a ceremony that ushers in a new person or entity. On Inauguration Day, U.S. presidents are sworn in and given the formal induction into office known as the inauguration.
What distinguishes an opening from an inauguration?A ceremony held at an opening is referred to as an inauguration, and a ceremony held at an admittance is referred to as an initiation.
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What is the dramatic purpose of act 3 Scene 3?
These moments include one that is particularly ironic. Claudius is praying in Act 3, and Hamlet has a wonderful opportunity to get retribution. But he chooses to wait till later. He worries that by killing Claudius while he was praying, he might send him to paradise.
Act 3 Scene 3 of William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet" fulfills a number of crucial functions. This sequence serves to disclose significant story twists and developments, among other things. For instance, Claudius tells Polonius about his intention to transfer Hamlet to England at the start of the action.
This information triggers a chain of occurrences that will have substantial ramifications for the play's characters.
Act 3 the play's action pivots in Scene 3, which also denotes a dramatic change in the narrative's course. Before this moment, Hamlet had been unable to act on his desire for vengeance against Claudius due to his lack of decision-making.
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What is an executive order Why have presidents liked to use this action?
Presidents can direct the executive branch of government to carry out their wishes by issuing an executive order.
What circumstances would a President utilise an executive order?In order to avoid the red tape of Congress and forward political goals without going through the legislative process, the President may issue an executive order. Despite not having the same formal requirements as an executive order, an executive memorandum is similar to one.
Who supervises how the President uses executive orders?Although the judicial branch has the authority to do so, the executive branch has the power to announce Executive Orders, which are similar to proclamations and have legal force.
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What happens when a person is sanctioned?
This is a punishment when your benefits are stopped. Sanctions may also be imposed regardless of the actions you do in connection with your job. "Failure to report" (FTR) or "failure to comply" are two phrases frequently used by HRA to describe sanctions (FTC).
Following a sanction, what happens?Legal definitions of sanctions include fines or other types of retribution used as incentives to follow the law or other rules and regulations. Sanctions are a result of legal processes. Criminal consequences may involve severe punishments including the death sentence, the use of force, incarceration, or substantial fines.
What do sanctions imposed by a government mean?Economic sanctions are financial and commercial penalties imposed by one or more nations against a designated independent state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions may be used to achieve a range of political, military, and social goals in addition to economic ones. As a result, they are not usually carried out to achieve financial objectives.
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What is the purpose of a canvass?
The canvass is the process used to determine the final results of any election. The goal of the canvass is to keep track of every ballot cast and make sure that all legally cast votes are counted in the final election results.
What is the purpose of canvassing ?The most frequent definition of the verb "canvass" is "to seek votes in an election." It may also occasionally be used as a word to denote a canvassing effort.
Canvassing is a tactic frequently employed during political campaigns that entails methodically initiating direct contact with people. Canvassing can be done for a variety of purposes, including membership drives, grassroots fundraising, community awareness campaigns, and political campaigns. To physically contact people, campaigners ring doors.
Recently, the term "canvassing" in relation to election integrity may have come up. Your vote is protected by the Florida canvassing procedure. In Florida, a Canvassing Board is required for each election to oversee and certify the electoral process.
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What is the job of a PAC?
A political action committee (PAC) in the US is a 527 organization that collects member campaign contributions and distributes those monies to campaigns for or against candidates, legislation, or ballot initiatives.
What is meant by Political Action Committee ?In the US, a political action committee (PAC) is a 527 organization that gathers member campaign donations contributions and distributes those monies to campaigns for or against candidates, legislation, or ballot initiatives.
Members of Congress and other political personalities routinely establish Leadership PACs in order to support candidates for various federal and nonfederal seats.
A political committee set up with the intention of raising and disbursing funds to support or oppose candidates is known as a "political action committee" (PAC). The majority of PACs support corporate, union, or ideological interests. A candidate committee may receive $5,000 from PACs each election (primary, general or special).
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How does Plessy v Ferguson show judicial restraint?
The way that Plessy v Ferguson show judicial restraint is Because it limited how the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment was interpreted, the case of Plessy v. Ferguson can be used as an illustration of judicial restraint.
How did Plessy vs Ferguson made segregation legal?Over the subsequent 50 years, the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling upheld the fundamental idea of racial segregation. The decision gave segregation on trains and buses, as well as in public places like hotels, theaters, and schools, legal legitimacy.
A Louisiana state law that permitted "equal but distinct accommodations for the white and colored races" was maintained by the Supreme Court's decision in this case. Three amendments to the Constitution and other measures enacted by Congress during the Reconstruction era guaranteed political rights for Black Americans.
Therefore, Those who support judicial restraint contend that courts lack a constitutional right to make laws and that only the legislative branch has the authority to do so. Federal judges are unelected representatives.
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What is the commander in chief in simple terms?
An official in control of all the forces in a specific area is known as the commander in chief.
Is a commander high rank?Just above rank of captain and below the position of deputy commander, a commander holds the third-highest rank in the force. The Commander is given responsibilities for divisions like Economic Intelligence, Forensic Services, Governmental Liaison, Narcotics, Organized Crime and Vice, and Internal Affairs.
What is the role of a commander?Because the cornerstone of an accountable armed group is a commander's obligation to manage and oversee his troops. A leader must 'provide precise, unambiguous orders' and must 'make sure they are comprehended.
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a seller of residential property in texas must give to the buyer of the property notice of the property's condition. which of the following is true?
This assertion is accurate due to Section 5.008's requirement that sellers of primary residence in this state "consisting of not and over one dwelling unit" give prospective buyers a written of the property's condition.
What does a seller do?A seller is any individual or group who offers any form of product, service, or financial asset for sale. Short selling is the process of buying securities which are not one's yours to sell and then buy them back later at a lower price.
How do sellers get paid?You can choose to receive money by wire transfer into your bank and in the form of a check. There are differences in how long it takes money to go from the wholesaler reach your bank.
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The complete question is -
A seller of residential property in texas must give to the buyer of the property notice of the property's condition. which of the following is true?