Science is often defined inadequately as “an organized body of knowledge.” This would make cookbooks, Sears, Roebuck catalogues, and telephone books science, which they are not. Sometimes science is defined simply as rationality, but that would make much of theology and metaphysics science, which they are not. Rationality is logical consistency, lack of contradiction. It is to be distinguished from reasonableness, the quality of a mind open to arguments and evidence opposed to its beliefs: a willingness to reconsider. Rationalists can be quite unreasonable or dogmatic. Rationalist metaphysicians and theologians are often certain about premises which come from intuition or revelation. Even paranoiacs may be thought of as rationalists, for they are commonly most rigorous in reasoning. But their premises, which they cling to in spite of all evidence, are absurd.

WHAT SCIENCE IS

Science is empirical, rational, general, and cumulative; and it is all four at once. Science is empirical in that all its conclusions are subject to test by sense experience. Observation is the base on which science rests, but scientific observation is more than keeping one’s eyes open. It is observation made by qualified observers under controlled conditions of those things which confirm or disconfirm, verify or refute a theory. Sherlock Holmes* could tell by the stains on a vest what a man had eaten for breakfast. From a number of such observations he arrived at a theory about why and how a particular crime was committed. This procedure is excellent for detection but insufficient for science, because it yields only knowledge of particular events. Science would go on to ask why and how crime, not a particular crime, is committed. Science uses facts to test general theories and general theories to make predictions about particular facts.

Scientific observations may be made of things as they exist, like the color of an apple or the temperature of the air, or it may be made of what results from an experiment. An experiment is the deliberate manipulation of conditions in order to bring about what we want to observe. If we want to test the hypothesis that a new plastic can withstand two hundred pounds of pressure without crumbling, we may have to create a situation in which such pressure is applied to a piece of the plastic, because it is unlikely that the situation already exists anywhere in the world, or if it does, that all other factors are kept constant. In some sciences, like astronomy, we do not sufficiently control the subject matter to experiment on it—although we do control the conditions of observation—and we distinguish those sciences from others, like chemistry, in which experiment is possible, by calling the latter “experimental sciences.”

Although all scientific thought ultimately rests on observation, there are vast portions of it which are entirely rational: analysis of the meaning of terms, deductions from existent theories, explorations of the logical relations among concepts and among theories. Logic is applied to science constantly because logic contains the rules of valid thinking. The application of mathematics is often thought, erroneously, to be an index of the status of any science. Of course, the more it can be applied usefully within a science, the more advanced the science. For mathematics functions both as a language in which scientific laws are stated, giving them the utmost precision, elegance, and economy, and as the basis of measurement. Many of the most significant advances in physics, astronomy, and chemistry have depended on advances in and application of mathematics. Without calculus the work of Isaac Newton would have been impossible. Yet great scientific work in other fields, performed by men like Pasteur, Darwin, and Pavlov (with whose names pasteurization, evolution, and conditioned response in psychology are associated), has used little or no mathematics.

In the final sentence of the first paragraph, the authors choose to use the word “absurd” in order to



A- demonstrate that even sound premises can lead to irrational conclusions

B- argue that evidence that seems illogical should not be considered by scientists

C-emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness

D- imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences

E- convey disdain for those who display uncertainty about their premises

Answer:

I think the answer is D-imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences

Explanation:

Who was Rudyard Kipling?
A. an American explorer who traveled in Africa
B. a British writer who wrote about Africa
C. a British writer who wrote about India
D. a German leader who colonized India

100 pts plez help 10 mins left
Stephon is writing an essay that compares and contrasts the way in which characters from two different texts face obstacles in their lives. The two characters he is comparing and contrasting are Manjiro from Heart of a Samurai and William, the narrator of The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind. One similarity he notes is that Manjiro and William are both courageous.

Which quotation from The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind would be most relevant for Stephon to include in his notes to support the idea that William is courageous?



The preparation was complete, so I waited. The muscles in my arms still burned from having worked so hard, but now I was finished.
They spun slowly at first, then faster and faster, until the force of their motion rocked the tower. My knees buckled, but I held on.
I started wasting time in the trading center playing bawo. Someone also taught me a wonderful game called chess, which I started playing every day.
No more skipping breakfast; no more dropping out of school. With a windmill, we’d finally release ourselves from the troubles of darkness and hunger.

What is an idiom. please help​

Which of these is a prepositional phrase?

A. the deck
B. above the desk
C. jumped in the pool
D. her scuba gear

Pls PLS PLS PLS Help!!!
Don't just type rubbish if you want points, pls!!! And no robots pls!
See the file for the reading and questions!

Why does the author's description of the mercury boiler—"the mercury, when vaporized, going into a mercury turbine and then into a condenser, remaining hot enough to generate steam in a steam boiler"—intentionally incorporate such highly technical language?
A) Using technical language establishes the expertise of the writer and helps convey the complex nature of the process being described.
B) Using technical language lets the writer make clear to readers that the article is intended for readers who are themselves experts on electricity.
C) Using technical language encourages readers to develop deeper and more meaningful personal connections to the information.
D) Using technical language allows the writer to subtly poke fun at those who seek to make basic processes seem overly complicated.

Read the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her organization? Competition can add a great deal of stress to students' lives. Like it or not, it's a part of classrooms, sports, and other after-school activities. For one, it can motivate students to work harder to achieve their goals. When students are challenged to strive for excellence, they often accomplish much more than what they may have initially expected. Also, even when students don't win at something, they still learn a valuable lesson: how to be a good sport about losing. However, even though it can be stressful, there are several reasons why students benefit from a little friendly competition.

A.by moving the last sentence closer to the beginning


B. removing the last sentence Submit​

LET'S CHECKI
Match the concept in column B with its description in column A.
Column A
L 1. circuit where electricity cannot flow
2. a complete path of electricity
3. a source of energy
4. circuit where electricity flows freely
5. connect the light bulb and the battery
f. wires
Column B
a. battery
b. circuit
C. closed
d. light bulb
e.open
f. wires
2
pa help po pls☺
​

Colours affected the way we feel how? ​

the TWO nouns in the sentence below.
The scared boy ran down the street.

Help Please 20+ Points to whoever helps me

1. Lack of sleep significantly affects learning in 10 year-old boys.
IV ->
DV ->

What does this excerpt from Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night reveal about Duke Orsino?

DUKE: If music be the food of love, play on,
Give me excess of it; that, surfeiting,
The appetite may sicken and so die.—
That strain again;—it had a dying fall;
O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet south,
That breathes upon a bank of violets,
Stealing and giving odour.—Enough; no more;
'Tis not so sweet now as it was before.

Write about your primary and secondary education ?
​

Activity
Research and read about the stress study conducted in Baltimore called "Shifting the Lens," which focused on stressors in African-American urban
teenagers. As a young adult, do you agree with the findings of the study and the stressors that it identifies? What are the main stressors in your
life? What do you do to cope effectively with stress?

Read the following sentence, which needs revising, editing, and proofreading:
I can't think until I've had some coffee in the morning, I don't know if its the smell or the caffeene or the habit of making it
every day or what.
Which revision below is most effective?
o I love my morning coffee.
O I can't think until I've had coffee. I don't know if its the smell, the caffeine or the habit of making it every day
O
I don't know if it's the smell, the caffeine, or the act of making it that wakes me up, but I can't think until I've had my
morning coffee.
O
Is it the smell? The caffeene? The effort of making it every day? Something else? I don't know, but I can't think until I've
had my morning coffee.

I thought you weren’t going to respond.

I thought you wasn’t going to respond.


Which one is correct weren’t or wasn’t?

40 POINTS !! 40 POINTS !!

PLEASE HELP , DONT SKIP !

NO LINKS OR FILES.

Before clocks were invented, people told time by the sun.

a
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
b

Please help!!!
It says what is Gods motive for depriving mans rest??
No links and mark brainliest!!

What’s the answer to this someoneeeee please helpppppp meeeeeee!!!!!

difference between advice and advise​

Item 4
Josette's first language is French. As she reads the newspaper, she comes across this sentence.

The local team's soccer victory ended in a tumultuous celebration that poured into restaurants and filled city streets.

How might Josette best unlock the meaning of the word tumultuous?


Josette should consider the meaning of the French word tumultueuse, which has the same cognate.

Josette should consider the meaning of the word tumble, which has the same prefix as tumultuous.

Josette should consider the meaning of the word famous, which has the same suffix as tumultuous.

Josette should consider the meaning of the word presumptuous, which rhymes with tumultuous.

The author's use of words such as "absence," "restricted," and "apart" create what kind of mood in
the poem?
A
B
D
constrained
hopeful
loving
longing

what are the examples of expository, narrative ,argumentative​

Why should Romeo and Juliet should get married yet in act 2

she____to cook anything because they ______ eat out.

A)shouldn't / want to
B)doesn't have / are going to
C)mustn't / will
D)hasn't / will​

What is the author’s purpose in using a mirror as a symbol?

The author’s purpose is to demonstrate how the mirror symbolizes power.
The author’s purpose is to demonstrate how the mirror symbolizes beauty.
The author uses the mirror as a symbol of self-reflection and encourages students to see themselves as leaders.
The author uses the mirror as a symbol of contentment and encourages students to be more satisfied with the world.

what is a work that ends with marriage or good fortune

Use the words on the right of the text, listed 1-10, to form ONE word that fits in the same numbered space in the text.
WALKING IN BRITAIN
Great Britain has more public (0) footpaths than any nation on Earth. The network in England and Wales is more than 120,000 miles long; in Scotland, where the law is (1) ________ , walkers (2) ________ enjoy even more open access to the countryside. Moreover, in England and Wales, the right to wander the countryside is supported by an (3) ________ principle of law, itself an (4) ________ of many of the principles of (5) ________ freedom we take for granted.
If a path is in use without a break for 20 years it is presumed to be a right of way. A (6) ________ can prevent this by closing the path just once during the 20-year period; but the principle, and the (7) ________ , of creating new paths always exists.
A right of way is just what it says: a right of (8) ________ across someone’s land. The holder of the land may (9) ________ object if the walker does damage, or leaves litter. But he may not complain – (10) ________ – if the walker pauses on the path to enjoy the view, or to eat lunch.

0foot
1differ
2theory
3interest
4body
5society

6land
7possible

8pass
9right
10legal