(i) Estimate X given that Y = 0.5 and Z = -3 using an unbiased minimum variance estimator.
Estimate of X given that Y = 0.5 and Z = -3 can be obtained by applying the conditional expectation formula, E[X|Y=y, Z=z], where y=0.5 and z=-3.E[X|Y=y, Z=z] = E[X] + Cov[X,Y]/Var[Y] * (Y - E[Y]) + Co v[X,Z]/Var[Z] * (Z - E[Z])E[X|Y=0.5, Z=-3] = 0 + (0/10) * (0.5 - 1) + (1/2) * (-3 - 2) = -2, which is the unbiased minimum variance estimator.(ii) Determine the variance of the above estimator.
The variance of the unbiased minimum variance estimator is given by Var[X|Y=y, Z=z] = Var[X] - Cov[X,Y]^2/Var[Y] - Cov[X,Z]^2/Var[Z] + 2Cov[X,Y]Cov[X,Z]/(Var[Y]*Var[Z])Var[X|Y=0.5, Z=-3] = 10 - 0^2/10 - 1^2/2 + 2(0)(1)/(10*2) = 9.75 (b)
Intelli Moto is car manufacturer that produces vehicles equipped with a fault detection system that uses information from various sensors to inform the driver about possible faults in the braking system. The system diagnoses faults correctly with probability 99%, but gives false alarms with probability 2%. It is known that such faults occur with probability 0.05%. If the system diagnoses a fault, what is the probability a fault has actually occured?
The probability of a fault actually occurring is P(Fault) = 0.05%, which is the prior probability of a fault.
The probability of a correct diagnosis is P(Diagnosis | Fault) = 99%, which is the probability of a positive test result given that a fault has actually occurred.
The probability of a false alarm is P(Diagnosis | No Fault) = 2%, which is the probability of a positive test result given that no fault has actually occurred.
The probability of a positive test result isP(Diagnosis) = P(Fault)*P(Diagnosis | Fault) + P(No Fault)*P(Diagnosis | No Fault)= 0.05% * 99% + 99.95% * 2% = 2.039%.The probability of a fault given a positive test result can be obtained by Bayes' theorem,P(Fault | Diagnosis) = P(Diagnosis | Fault)*P(Fault)/P(Diagnosis)= 99% * 0.05% / 2.039% = 2.43%, which is the probability a fault has actually occurred given that the system diagnoses a fault.
The probability that a fault has actually occurred given that the system diagnoses a fault is 2.42%.
(i) To estimate X given that Y = 0.5 and Z = -3 using an unbiased minimum variance estimator, we need to determine the distribution of X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3 and use the formula for conditional expectation of a jointly normally distributed random variable. The distribution of X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3 is also normal since it is a conditional distribution of a jointly normally distributed random variable. To find the mean of the distribution, we use the formula for conditional expectation:
[tex]E[X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3] = E[X] + Cov[X, Y | Z = -3] (Y - E[Y | Z = -3]) / Var[Y | Z = -3] + Cov[X, Z | Y = 0.5] (Z - E[Z | Y = 0.5]) / Var[Z | Y = 0.5][/tex]
where Cov[X, Y | Z = -3] is the conditional covariance of X and Y given Z = -3,
E[Y | Z = -3] is the conditional mean of Y given Z = -3,
Var[Y | Z = -3] is the conditional variance of Y given Z = -3,
Cov[X, Z | Y = 0.5] is the conditional covariance of X and Z given Y = 0.5,
and E[Z | Y = 0.5] and Var[Z | Y = 0.5] are the conditional mean and variance of Z given Y = 0.5 respectively.
We are given that
E[X] = 0, E[Y] = 1, E[Z] = 2,
Var[X] = 10, Var[Y] = 2, Var[Z] = 1,
and Cov[X, Y] = Cov[X, Z] = Cov[Y, Z] = 0.
Also, Y = 0.5 and Z = -3.
Hence, we have:
[tex]Cov[X, Y | Z = -3] = Cov[X, Y] / Var[Z] = 0[/tex],
[tex]E[Y | Z = -3] = E[Y] =[/tex]1,
[tex]Var[Y | Z = -3] = Var[Y] = 2[/tex],
[tex]Cov[X, Z | Y = 0.5] = Cov[X, Z] / Var[Y] = 0[/tex].
The conditional mean of Z given Y = 0.5 is given by
[tex]E[Z | Y = 0.5] = E[Z] + Cov[Y, Z] (Y - E[Y]) / Var[Y] = 2 + 0.5 (0 - 1) / 2 = 1.5.[/tex]
The conditional variance of Z given Y = 0.5 is given by
[tex]Var[Z | Y = 0.5] = Var[Z] - Cov[Y, Z]^2 / Var[Y] = 1 - 0^2 / 2 = 1[/tex].
Hence, the mean of the distribution of X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3 is:
[tex]E[X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3] = 0 + 0 (0.5 - 1) / 2 + 0 (-3 - 1.5) / 1 = -0.75[/tex]
To find the variance of the unbiased minimum variance estimator, we use the formula for conditional variance of a jointly normally distributed random variable:
[tex]Var[X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3] = Var[X] - Cov[X, Y | Z = -3]^2 / Var[Y | Z = -3] - Cov[X, Z | Y = 0.5]^2 / Var[Z | Y = 0.5][/tex]
where Var[X], Cov[X, Y | Z = -3], and Cov[X, Z | Y = 0.5] are given above,
and Var[Y | Z = -3] and Var[Z | Y = 0.5] are calculated as follows:
[tex]Var[Y | Z = -3] = Var[Y] - Cov[X, Y]^2 / Var[Z] = 2 - 0^2 / 1 = 2Var[Z | Y = 0.5] = Var[Z] - Cov[Y, Z]^2 / Var[Y] = 1 - 0^2 / 2 = 1[/tex]
Hence, we have:
[tex]Var[X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3] = 10 - 0^2 / 2 - 0^2 / 1 = 10[/tex]
(ii) The variance of the unbiased minimum variance estimator is Var[X | Y = 0.5, Z = -3] = 10.
(b) Let A denote the event that a fault has actually occurred, D denote the event that the system diagnoses a fault,
P(A) = 0.05%, P(D | A) = 99%, and P(D | A') = 2%, where A' is the complement of A.
We need to find P(A | D), the probability that a fault has actually occurred given that the system diagnoses a fault.
By Bayes' theorem, we have:
[tex]P(A | D) = P(D | A) P(A) / P(D)[/tex]
where P(D) is the total probability of the system diagnosing a fault, which is:
[tex]P(D) = P(D | A) P(A) + P(D | A') P(A') = 0.99 (0.0005) + 0.02 (1 - 0.0005) = 0.0205[/tex]
Hence, we have:
[tex]P(A | D) = 0.99 (0.0005) / 0.0205 = 0.0242[/tex] or 2.42%
Therefore, the probability that a fault has actually occurred given that the system diagnoses a fault is 2.42%.
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The city of İzmir is prone to three main types of natural hazards: earthquakes, winds and floods. Each of these can be modelled as a Poisson process. The mean annual occurrence rates for earthquakes and floods are 0.1 and 0.25 damaging events, respectively. The wind is considered as a hazard when the speed exceeds 40m/s. The probability distribution for the annual wind speed is known to be lognormal with a median of 30m/s and a coefficient of variation 0.2. All the three hazardous events occur independently of each other, and each can cause damages with an approximate cost of 2M TL. For proper budgeting, the municipality of İzmir needs to calculate the expected monetary loss from natural hazards, and approximately estimates the loss as a product of the number of hazardous events and the related cost. Based on this data, find out: a) What is the return period of a hazardous wind? b) What is the probability that more than 3 hazardous events in total can happen within a year? c) What is the probability that no hazardous events can happen within 5 years? d) Provide estimates for the mean and standard deviation of expected annual monetary losses so as to have an idea about how much budget the municipality should allocate for natural hazards.
The return period of a hazardous wind can be calculated by finding the inverse of its cumulative distribution function (CDF) at a certain threshold value.
a) To determine the return period of a hazardous wind, we need to find the threshold wind speed that corresponds to a specific return period. Since the wind speed follows a lognormal distribution with a known median and coefficient of variation, we can calculate the corresponding quantile using the inverse of the lognormal CDF.
b) The probability of more than 3 hazardous events in the total happening within a year can be calculated using the Poisson distribution. We sum the probabilities of having 4, 5, 6, and so on hazardous events in a year.
c) The probability of no hazardous events happening within 5 years can also be calculated using the Poisson distribution. We calculate the probability of zero hazardous events in one year and then raise it to the power of 5.
d) To estimate the mean and standard deviation of expected annual monetary losses, we multiply the mean number of hazardous events for each type by the cost per event. Since the three hazardous events occur independently, we can sum the expected losses for each type.
The standard deviation of the expected losses can be calculated using the properties of independent random variables. By calculating the mean and standard deviation of expected annual monetary losses, the municipality can have an idea of the budget allocation required to mitigate the impact of natural hazards in Izmir.
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Help meee helppp meee help
Solve the system of equations using substitution
y=x+1
x+y = 7
i’d appreciate if someone would help me here:-)
Answer:-4
Step-by-step explanation:
For the following systems, draw a direction field and plot some representative trajectories. Using your graph, give the type and stability of the origin as a critical point. You may need to look at the eigenvalues to be sure. 3 5 3 -2 4 2 2 -2 1 x, b. X'= X, X 5 3 1 -5 4 1 4 2 2 a. X' c. X'= -63) — —
Plot direction fields and trajectories. Analyze eigenvalues to determine stability and type of critical point.
For system (a):
The direction field and trajectories should be plotted based on the given matrix:
[3 5] [x]
[3 -2] * [y]
To determine the type and stability of the origin as a critical point, we can analyze the eigenvalues of the matrix. The eigenvalues are found by solving the characteristic equation:
det(A - λI) = 0,
where A is the given matrix and λ is the eigenvalue.
For system (b):
The direction field and trajectories should be plotted based on the given matrix:
[1 -5] [x]
[4 1] * [y]
To determine the type and stability of the origin as a critical point, we can again analyze the eigenvalues of the matrix.
For system (c):
The direction field and trajectories should be plotted based on the given matrix:
[-6 3] [x]
[ -4 -2] * [y]
To determine the type and stability of the origin as a critical point, we once again analyze the eigenvalues of the matrix.
Analyzing the eigenvalues will allow us to determine if the critical point is a stable node, unstable node, saddle point, or any other type of critical point.
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Asha owns a car-wash and is trying to decide whether or not to purchase a vending machine so customers
can buy coffee while they wait. She'll get the machine if she's convinced that more than 30% of her
customers would buy coffee. She plans on taking a random sample of n customers and asking them
whether or not they would buy coffee from the machine, and she'll then do a significance test using
a = 0.05 to see if the sample proportion who say "yes" is significantly greater than 30%.
Suppose that in reality, it is actually 33% of her customers that would buy coffee.
Which of the changes below would result in the highest power for her test?
Answer: D
Step-by-step explanation:
She uses a sample size of n=200, and 50% of all customers would actually buy coffee.
The change that would result in the highest power for her test is D. increase the significance level to α = 0.01 and use a sample size of n = 300.
What is significance level?The significance level simply means the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
It should be noted that the power of the test depends on 4 factors which are the sample size, standard deviation, effect size, and significance level.
In the given scenario, the larger sample size will increase the power of the test and a higher significance level will result in a higher power.
Therefore, the test is done with the largest sample size and highest significance level of 0.10
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what is 13/50 as a decimal and percent
decimal = 0.26
percent = 26%
Simplify: 2(x+3)+5(2x-1)
(no files please)
find the equation for the angle then find what x equals
Answer:
x = 18
Step-by-step explanation:
∠ GFH and ∠ EFH form a right angle GFE , then
2x + 3x = 90 ← equation for the angle
5x = 90 ( divide both sides by 5 )
x = 18
helppp plss i need to find the range,mean,mode and median but I don't know how
Identify the volume of a cone with diameter 18 cm and height 15 cm.
a. V = 3817 cm^(3)
b. V = 1272.3 cm^(3)
c. V = 1908.5 cm^(3)
d. V = 1424.1 cm^(3)
The volume of a cone with diameter 18 cm and height 15 cm is b. V = 1272.3 cm^(3).
To calculate the volume of a cone, we use the formula:
V = (1/3) * π * r^2 * h
where V is the volume, π is the mathematical constant approximately equal to 3.14159, r is the radius of the cone's base, and h is the height of the cone.
Given that the diameter of the cone is 18 cm, we can calculate the radius by dividing the diameter by 2:
r = 18 cm / 2 = 9 cm
Substituting the values into the volume formula:
V = (1/3) * π * 9^2 * 15
Calculating:
V ≈ 1272.3 cm^3
Therefore, the volume of the cone is approximately 1272.3 cm^3.
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please help me i need this. will get 100 points
The probability that a plant produces between 15 and 19 strawberries is given as follows:
47.5%.
How to calculate a probability?The two parameters that are needed to calculate a probability are listed as follows:
Number of desired outcomes in the context of a problem or experiment.Number of total outcomes in the context of a problem or experiment.Then the probability is then calculated as the division of the number of desired outcomes by the number of total outcomes.
The desired areas for this problem are given as follows:
Between 15 and 17: 34%.Between 17 and 19%: 13.5%.Hence the probability is given as follows:
34 + 13.5 = 47.5%.
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One penny is 1% of a dollar
$ 0.25 is 25% of a dollars . $1.25 is 12.5% dollars
Answer:
$1.25 is NOT 12.5% dollars. It is 125% of a dollar.
Step-by-step explanation:
We have 1 and 1/4 dollars. 1 and 1/4 as a percentage is 125%
What is the solution to the equation below?
4w=2/3
A
6/3
B
8/3
C 2/12
D 4 2/3
THESE ARE FRACTIONS
Answer:
I think it is 2/12
An amusement park sold 38 discount tickets and 12 full-price tickets. What percentage of the tickets sold were discount tickets?
) What is the GCF of 36 and 60?
4
6
12
18
Answer:
12
Step-by-step explanation:
List out the factors of each
36: 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36
60: 1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30,60
the highest number they both have in common is 12
Help me with this Math question.
Answer:
D
Step-by-step explanation:
Just graph the equation and where they intercept is the solution.
Just use desmos graphing calculator if you don't know how to graph.
1. what linear function, y=f(x) has f(0) = 8 and f(7) = 14 ?
A linear function is a mathematical function that can be represented by a straight line when graphed on a Cartesian coordinate system. It is also known as a first-degree polynomial because the highest exponent of the variable is 1. The general form of a linear function is: f(x) = mx + b
To find a linear function given two points on the line, you need to use the point-slope formula.
The formula is `y - y1 = m(x - x1)`, where `(x1, y1)` is a point on the line and `m` is the slope of the line.
Given that f(0) = 8 and f(7) = 14, we can find the slope of the line:$$\frac{f(7) - f(0)}{7 - 0} = \frac{14 - 8}{7} = \frac{6}{7}$$Now, we can use the point-slope formula with the point `(0, 8)` and the slope `6/7`:$$y - 8 = \frac{6}{7}(x - 0)$$
Simplifying this equation, we get:$$y - 8 = \frac{6}{7}x$$$$y = \frac{6}{7}x + 8$$
Therefore, the linear function with `f(0) = 8` and `f(7) = 14` is `y = (6/7)x + 8`.
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A linear function, y = f(x) that has f(0) = 8 and f(7) = 14 is given by: f(x) = mx + b, Where m represents the slope of the line and b represents the y-intercept. The equation of the linear function is: y = f(x) = (6/7)x + 8.
To find the slope of the line, we use the formula:
m = (y₂ - y₁) / (x₂ - x₁), where (x₁, y₁) = (0, 8) and (x₂, y₂) = (7, 14).
Substituting into the formula:
m = (14 - 8) / (7 - 0)
m = 6 / 7
Therefore, the equation of the line is given by: f(x) = (6/7)x + b.
To find the value of b, we use the fact that f(0) = 8.
Substituting into the equation, we get: 8 = (6/7)(0) + b.
Simplifying, we get: b = 8.
Therefore, the equation of the linear function is: y = f(x) = (6/7)x + 8.
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Kristin boards a Ferris wheel at the 3-o’clock position and rides the Ferris wheel CCW for one full rotation. The Ferris wheel has a radius of 8 meters and the center of the Ferris wheel is 12 meters above the ground. Imagine an angle with its vertex at the center of the Ferris wheel that subtends the path Kristin travels.
Answer the following questions.
a.If Kristin has traveled 4 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel then the angle has swept out _________radians. b.If Kristin has traveled 45 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel then the angle has swept out ___________radians. c. Write a formula that expresses the number of radians θ the angle has swept out in terms of the number of meters d Kristin has traveled since the ride started.
a) If Kristin has traveled 4 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel then the angle has swept out 0.5 radians.
b) If Kristin has traveled 45 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel then the angle has swept out 5.625 radians.
c) The formula that expresses the number of radians θ the angle has swept out in terms of the number of meters is θ = s / r.
a. To determine the angle in radians, we can use the arc length formula for a circle. The formula is given by θ = s / r, where θ is the angle in radians, s is the arc length, and r is the radius of the circle.
In this case, Kristin has traveled 4 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel, and the radius is 8 meters.
Thus, the angle swept out is
θ = 4 / 8 = 0.5 radians.
b. Following the same approach, if Kristin has traveled 45 meters along the path of the Ferris wheel, the angle swept out is
θ = 45 / 8 ≈ 5.625 radians.
c. The formula that expresses the number of radians θ the angle has swept out in terms of the number of meters Kristin has traveled since the ride started is given by
θ = s / r,
where θ is the angle in radians, s is the arc length traveled by Kristin, and r is the radius of the Ferris wheel.
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Voting in Seaside's annual school board elections has been going down by 10% from one election to the next. If 990 parents voted this year, how many will vote 4 years from now?
If necessary, round your answer to the nearest whole number.
Answer:
FV= 676
Step-by-step explanation:
Giving the following formula:
Present value (PV)= 990 parents
Decrease rate (d)= 10% = 0.1 per year
Number of periods (n)= 4
To calculate the future value of votes, we need to use the following formula:
FV= PV / (1 + d)^n
FV= 990 / (1.1^4)
FV= 676
A researcher wants to test the claim that the average lifespan for florescent lights is 1600 hours. A random sample of 100 fluorescent lights has a mean lifespan of 1580 hours, and a standard deviation of 100 hours. Is there evidence to support the claim at 5% level of significance?
Yes, there is evidence at a 5% level of significance to support the claim that the average lifespan for fluorescent lights is not 1600 hours.
How do we calculate?Null hypothesis: is defined as the average lifespan for fluorescent lights is 1600 hours.
Alternative hypothesis : is defined as average lifespan for fluorescent lights is not 1600 hours.
Sample size (n) = 100
Sample mean = 1580 hours
Sample standard deviation (s) = 100 hour
t = (Sample mean - μ) / (s / √n)
μ = hypothesized population mean
s= sample standard deviation
t = (1580 - 1600) / (100 / √100)
t = -20 / (100 / 10)
t = -20 / 10
t = -2
The significance level of 0.05 will be divided by 2 to get an alpha level of 0.025.
We make use of a t-distribution table to look up the critical t-value in the with degrees of freedom equal to n-1 = 99.
The critical t-value is 1.984 for a significance level of 0.025 and degrees of freedom = 99.
In conclusion, we have evidence to reject the null hypothesis because the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the critical t-value.
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Write -8 7/8
as a decimal number,
Answer:
-8.875
Step-by-step explanation:
8 7/8 > -71/8 > -8.875
To find the x-intercept, we let y = 0 and solve for x and to find y-intercept, we let x=0 and solve for y. Figure out the x-intercept and y-intercept in given equation of the line.
6x + 2y = 12
not bots with links or so help me i will
Answer:
X-intercept: (2, 0) Y-intercept: (0, 6)Step-by-step explanation:
X-intercept: y=0:
6x +2×0 = 12
6x = 12
x = 2
Y-intercept: x=0:
6×0 + 2y = 12
2y = 12
y = 6
Can someone solve for the question mark?
6x + ? = 10
Find the value of x in the picture below(round to nearest test)
Answer:
x = 13
Step-by-step explanation:
Using Pythagoras' identity in the right triangle.
The square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other 2 sides, that is
x² = 5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169 ( take the square root of both sides )
x = [tex]\sqrt{169}[/tex] = 13
Laney bought some candy from the bulk food store. She bought a 290 gram bag of gummy worms, a 450 gram bag of sour keys, and 670 gram bag of chocolate covered almonds. What is the total weight in kilograms?
Answer:
1.41 kilograms
Step-by-step explanation:
Given data
290-gram bag of gummy worms
450-gram bag of sour keys
670-gram bag of chocolate-covered almonds
In all, she bought
=290+450+670
=1410grams of candy
Now let us convert from grams to kilograms
1000grams is equal to 1 kilogram
hence 1410 grams will be x
cross multiply
1000x= 1410
x= 1410/1000
x= 1.41 kilograms
In ΔFGH, f = 930 inches, g = 520 inches and ∠H=169°. Find ∠G, to the nearest degree.
Answer:
Thats so hard oh my gosh!
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:4 degrees
Step-by-step explanation:
Find the slope of each line joining each pair of points:
Find the slope of each line joining each pair of points: (4,6) and (1,2)
The slope of the line joining the given pair of points is 4/3.
The slope of the line joining the points (4, 6) and (1, 2) can be found using the formula:
slope = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1).
Substituting the coordinates of the two points into the formula:
slope = (2 - 6) / (1 - 4)
Calculating this expression:
slope = -4 / -3
Simplifying the fraction:
slope = 4/3
Therefore, the slope of the line joining the points (4, 6) and (1, 2) is 4/3.
To evaluate the slope of a line joining two points, we use the formula (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1), where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the coordinates of the two points. In this case, we substitute the coordinates (4, 6) and (1, 2) into the formula and calculate the expression.
Simplifying the fraction, we find that the slope of the line is 4/3. This means that for every 3 units of horizontal change (x-axis), the line rises by 4 units (y-axis).
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Given the velocity v = ds/dt and the initial position of a body moving along a coordinate line, find the body's position at time t. v = 9.8t + 15, s(0) = 20 s(t) =
The body's position at time t is given by the equation s(t) = [tex]4.9t^2 + 15t + 20[/tex].
To find the body's position at time t,
we need to integrate the velocity function with respect to time and apply the initial condition.
Given:
v = 9.8t + 15
s(0) = 20
First, integrate the velocity function with respect to time to obtain the position function:
∫v dt = ∫(9.8t + 15) dt
s(t) = [tex]4.9t^2 + 15t + C[/tex]
Next, we apply the initial condition s(0) = 20 to determine the value of the constant C:
s(0) =[tex]4.9(0)^2 + 15(0) + C[/tex]
20 = C
Now, we have the complete position function:
s(t) =[tex]4.9t^2 + 15t + 20[/tex]
In conclusion, To find the position of the body at time t,
we integrated the velocity function with respect to time,
applied the initial condition to determine the constant,
and obtained the position function s(t) = [tex]4.9t^2 + 15t + 20[/tex].
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what is this answer to these questions no links 30 points
Answer:
do i need to answer them for me or just basically?
1. This is NOT a statistical question since you don't need data or mathematical data, or collection of nothing to come to a conclusion because it's a question for any person in the world and we know it's Donald Trump; we don't need math, collection of data or analysis to know this.
2. This is a statistical question because you need to use math to know this; you need to collect a lot of cupcakes, describe their types and size, you need to analyze and count how many you can eat, and see the results or side effects, you might even have to do this more than one so you can gather all your quantitative to come to a conclusion.
3. This is NOT a statistical question. This is a yes or no question where you can ask anyone in your family if they speak another language, this doesn't require math or gathered data to come to a conclusion; the question would be statistical if it was, "How many people in your family speak another language COMPARED to the other people in your family? This would be an example of a statistical question given this scenario.