What ended China’s “Age of Exploration?”

The occasion that destroyed a European coalition of Austrian, Polish, Bavarian, and Saxon forces at Vienna in 1683 and held the metropolis for ten years was the Siege of Vienna via the Ottoman Empire. This pivotal event in records marked the climax of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars and had some distance-achieving outcomes for the balance of power in Europe.

In the summer of 1683, the sizable Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha, laid siege to Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. The town became a strategic stronghold and a key gateway to Central Europe. The coalition of forces from Austria, Poland, Bavaria, and Saxony joined collectively to defend Vienna in opposition to the Ottoman danger.

For months, the defenders of Vienna endured a grueling siege, withstanding regular assaults and desperate tries to breach the metropolis's walls. The state of affairs seemed dire for the European coalition as materials diminished and morale wavered. However, comfort eventually arrived on September 12, 1683, whilst a blended force led by using Polish King Jan III Sobieski released a decisive counter-assault.

Sobieski's cavalry price, famously known as the Battle of Vienna, broke via the Ottoman traces and brought a crushing blow to the besieging army. The Ottoman forces have been routed, and Vienna become liberated from the hazard of occupation. This victory marked a turning point in the centuries-long battle between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe.

The defeat at Vienna had profound outcomes for the Ottoman Empire. It shattered the myth of Ottoman invincibility and uncovered the vulnerabilities of their military. Moreover, the failure to seize Vienna halted the Ottoman enhance into Europe and marked the beginning of a slow decline in their territorial expansion.

For the European coalition, the hit protection of Vienna introduced a sense of unity and reinforced the remedy to push back toward Ottoman aggression. The victory at Vienna additionally had wider implications for European geopolitics. It reinforced the power and status of the Habsburgs, bolstered the alliance between Austria and Poland, and helped solidify the wider European competition against the Ottoman Empire.

In conclusion, the Siege of Vienna in 1683, followed with the aid of the successful defense and liberation of the metropolis with the aid of the European coalition, marked a massive turning point in European history. It dealt a severe blow to the Ottoman Empire, halted its enlargement into Europe, and galvanized Christian Europe in its resistance against Ottoman aggression.

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The correct question is:

"What event destroyed a European coalition of Austrian, Polish, Bavarian, and Saxon forces at Vienna in 1683 and held the city for ten years? "

Through propaganda, It created a sense of patriotism and national pride, and it also helped to establish a culture of conformity and unquestioning loyalty to the government.

Propaganda played an important role in shaping American views of World War I. Through propaganda, the government sought to control the narrative and manipulate public opinion in favor of the war effort.

The use of propaganda during World War I had a lasting impact on American views and mores. It created a sense of patriotism and national pride, and it also helped to establish a culture of conformity and unquestioning loyalty to the government.

During other twentieth-century events, propaganda continued to shape American views and mores. For example, during World War II, propaganda was used to portray the Japanese as a savage and inferior race, which helped to justify the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.

Overall, propaganda has played a significant role in shaping American views and mores throughout the twentieth century, and it continues to be used today in various forms to influence public opinion on a wide range of issues.

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Frederick Jackson Turner is most famously known for his studies of the American frontier, as well as his ‘frontier thesis’.

He argued that the frontier was critical to the development of American society and unique character. His evidence for social breakdown and evolution on the frontier was based on his observations of the pioneers’ daily lives. Turner argued that the frontier served as an escape from the oppressive class systems of Europe, and citizens achieved greater autonomy away from urban areas and class divisions.

He also concluded that the frontier provided an economically independent social landscape which was conducive to the development of self-government, and increased the public’s participation in democratic processes. Turner believed that society often resorted to violence to resolve disputes on the frontier, but it also caused people to be more tolerant and understanding of others.

This was integral for the development of strong communities, and Turner wrote extensively about the ‘frontier spirit’ and its far-reaching impact on the development of American society.

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Rice was first introduced to Georgia in the 1730s by slaves and freed African Americans from the West Africa Kingdoms of Sierra Leone and Senegal.

The answer is A.

It quickly became an important commercial crop for planters living along the coast of Georgia, especially in the areas of St. Simons Island, Darien, and Sapelo Island. Rice cultivation in Georgia was labor intensive, and it wasn't until the 1770s that planters began to use enslaved workers to expand their commercial cultivation.

Rice cultivation grew in the 1790s, and by the beginning of the 19th century, it had become a major industry in Georgia, with more than 500 plantations employing over 10,000 enslaved African Americans. In that era, Georgia exported more than 10 thousand bushels of rice per year to the Caribbean, Europe, and other colonies in the American colonies. Over the 19th century, rice production in Georgia slowly declined, and by the 1920s the majority of rice acreage in the state had been converted to other crop production.

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An ideal ruler in Confucianism does not possess the feature of absolute power. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of benevolent governance.

Confucianism promotes the idea of a virtuous ruler who governs with wisdom and compassion. Literary knowledge is considered essential for a ruler to make informed decisions and lead effectively. By studying classical texts and engaging in intellectual pursuits, the ruler gains knowledge and wisdom to guide their governance. Furthermore, a sense of tradition is valued in Confucianism, as it provides a framework for ethical behavior and social harmony. The ruler's adherence to traditional values and customs fosters stability and continuity in society.

Moreover, the ideal ruler in Confucianism is expected to serve as a moral example. Confucius believed that a ruler's virtuous conduct would inspire and guide the people towards ethical behavior. By embodying moral virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and integrity, the ruler sets an example for the entire society to follow. This moral leadership fosters a harmonious and just society where individuals uphold ethical principles and fulfill their roles and responsibilities.

In contrast, absolute power is not considered an attribute of an ideal ruler in Confucianism. Confucius emphasized the importance of a ruler's accountability to the people and the need for checks and balances to prevent abuses of power. The ruler's authority is not absolute but is grounded in the well-being and prosperity of the governed. A ruler who exercises power without restraint or consideration for the welfare of the people would deviate from the ideal envisioned by Confucianism.

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The dimension of  industry structure that porter's model appears to omit was the external environmental factors.

The term "external environmental factor" refers to a broader set of economic, social, and technological variables that might have an impact on an industry's or market's competitive dynamics. These uncontrollable variables may present possibilities or hazards to particular firms operations.

Numerous unanticipated pitfalls exist, such as those brought on by globalization, industrialization, and digitalization, which drastically alter customer expectations and spur new competitors in unexpected ways that raise the stakes. Porter's industrial structure model did not account for these hazards, which are typical for industry to confront.

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Yes, there is a dimension of industry structure that Porter’s model appears to omit. The correct option among the following given options is option (B) Innovation. Innovation is the dimension of industry structure that Porter’s model appears to omit. What is Porter's Five Forces Model? Porter's Five Forces Model is a competitive strategy framework that assesses an industry's attractiveness (profit potential).

Porter's five forces model examines the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, the competitive rivalry among existing players, the risk of new entrants, and the threat of substitutes. It is an analytical framework for assessing competitive rivalry, threats of new entrants, threats of substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of customers. It assists businesses in making informed strategic decisions.

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Answer:c. Igbo Ukwu

Explanation:  Igbo-Ukwu is a city located in the state of Anambra. It is an important archaeological site, as it was a civilization that developed in eastern Nigeria between the 9th and 10th centuries. It is characterized by its work in copper (from the Aïr Mountains) and bronze. Discovered accidentally in 1938 by a resident who was digging a well, it cannot be linked to any other culture in the region, but it reveals the existence of a powerful and refined kingdom.

The site believed to have been the site of an ancient elite burial and shrine is Igbo-Ukwu.  

Igbo-Ukwu is a town in southeastern Nigeria known for its rich archaeological heritage. It was discovered that the community had been established around 800 AD and existed till the 9th century AD. Igbo-Ukwu is one of the significant archeological sites in Nigeria and Africa.

Its famous discoveries include exotic copper artifacts such as intricately decorated staffs, crowns, pendants, breastplates, and jewelry, among others. These objects are believed to have been used for the burial of the ancient elite. The discoveries are dated between the 9th century AD and 10th century AD.

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The government system that was most heavily influenced by the Athenian system is representative democracy.

Representative democracy is a form of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Athenian democracy, developed in ancient Athens, Greece, is often considered the earliest example of democracy in history. It featured direct participation of citizens in decision-making, including voting on laws and policies.

While modern representative democracies differ in various aspects from the Athenian system, such as the scale of governance and the use of elected representatives, they draw inspiration from the principles of citizen participation and popular sovereignty that were central to Athenian democracy.

The Athenian system of democracy had a profound impact on the development of representative democracy. In ancient Athens, all eligible citizens had the right to participate directly in the decision-making process through the Assembly, where they could debate and vote on laws. This concept of popular participation and citizen engagement laid the foundation for the idea that government should be based on the will of the people.

Representative democracy, as seen in many modern nations, adopts a similar principle by allowing citizens to elect representatives who then make decisions on their behalf. While the Athenian system was limited to a relatively small city-state, the principles of citizen involvement and democratic decision-making have been expanded and adapted to larger-scale governance in representative democracies worldwide. Therefore, representative democracy stands as the government system most heavily influenced by the Athenian system.

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The boroughs of New York City are an example of county boundaries. Therefore, the correct option is d. county.What are boroughs? Boroughs are a kind of administrative division used in many countries worldwide. The boroughs of New York City are an excellent illustration of county boundaries. The five administrative districts of New York City, or boroughs, are Queens, Staten Island, Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Manhattan. Each of the boroughs has its individual history, economy, and cultural characteristics that make them unique.

County BoundariesCounty boundaries are usually used for administrative divisions. These boundaries are lines that are drawn on a map or a surface to distinguish between various locations within a larger jurisdiction. They are created based on the jurisdiction's requirements, which are frequently related to local governance.

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Primary sources are the raw materials of history. Primary sources are original materials that were created at the time under investigation, such as diaries, letters, speeches, and official documents. These sources are invaluable since they offer firsthand information from people who witnessed or were involved in the event being examined.For instance, personal accounts of Japanese-Americans who were interned in camps during World War II offer a direct perspective of the long-term effects of Japanese internment camps.

By describing the events, they experienced, they provide insight into how internment affected their everyday lives, their communities, and their culture. Personal accounts, letters, and memoirs can be used to show the human cost of internment and the effects that internment had on Japanese-Americans' self-identity and sense of belonging in the US.

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The correct option that is not a reason for the War of 1812 is the option d. American desire to gain territory from Canada.

Explanation: War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as its colonies, including Canada. The war began on June 18, 1812, and ended on February 18, 1815. The conflict arose primarily due to trade restrictions, British impressment of American sailors, American expansionist ambitions, and territorial expansionism, and other causes. The following are the reasons for the War of 1812: a. British impressment of American sailors. American expansionist ambitions c. British support for Native American tribes d. American desire to gain territory from Canada The option d. American desire to gain territory from Canada was not a reason for the War of 1812.

The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States of America and Great Britain, which took place from 1812 to 1815. Despite its name, the war lasted for more than two years and extended beyond 1812.

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After the fall of the Roman Empire, religious people retreated into monasteries to withdraw from the violent and unstable world of the time, to meditate and pray, and to live a life of devotion.

This is because monasteries were safe havens where they could live in seclusion and dedicate their lives to religious contemplation and service. Monastic life was highly respected during this period and monasteries were recognized as centers of learning and education. The monks and nuns of the monasteries lived a life of prayer and contemplation, observing strict rules of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They sought to imitate the life of Christ and follow the teachings of the Bible.

They also engaged in manual labor, such as farming and brewing, to support their communities and provide for the needs of the poor and needy. Monasteries became centers of education and learning, where books were copied and preserved, and where arts and crafts were practiced and taught. The monks and nuns were also involved in missionary work, spreading the Gospel to the surrounding communities and even to far-off lands.

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The issues behind the compromise of 1850 included all of the following except the Mexican Cession was divided so no slaves would be permitted north of 36°30' (option A).

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five laws that were passed by the US Congress. The laws aimed at solving the territorial and slavery issues that arose after the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The compromise brought some short term peace, but the slavery issue would continue to cause tensions between the North and South. Slavery would become the driving force behind the political, economic, and social events of the United States during the Civil War.

The issues behind the compromise of 1850 included all of the following except: the Mexican Cession was divided so no slaves would be permitted north of 36°30'. The other four issues were included in the compromise of 1850. These issues are as follows: California was admitted as a free state.Slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C.A stronger fugitive slave law passed.Texas ceded land to New Mexico and had its debts funded. The correct option is A.

The complete question is:

The issues behind the compromise of 1850 included all of the following except

A) the Mexican Cession was divided so no slaves would be permitted north of 36°30'.

B) slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C.

C) California was admitted as a free state.

D) a stronger fugitive slave law passed.

E) Texas ceded land to New Mexico and had its debts funded.

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Before the colonization, there were some important differences between Indian societies in the Southwest, South, and Northeast. Below are the differences:Southwest Indians:Southwest Indian tribes, such as the Hopi, Zuni, and Pueblo.

The climate in the Southwest was dry, and many of the Indian societies here relied on irrigation for their crops. They were sedentary and also had complex social and religious systems. Additionally, they were matrilineal and maintained a gift-giving economy.Northeast Indians:The Northeast Indian tribes, such as the Iroquois, lived in longhouses.

The Northeast Indians, in general, were less socially stratified than the Southwest Indians.South Indians:South Indian societies, like the Choctaw, Natchez, and Creek, were sedentary and agricultural. They lived in wooden houses and had complex political systems, with the Creek and Choctaw using matrilineal descent.

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In the context of U.S. President William McKinley's actions leading the country toward war, he could be labeled as a war leader or a president who pursued policies that eventually led to war. McKinley's presidency saw the United States involved in the Spanish-American War of 1898.

McKinley's administration played a significant role in the events leading up to the war, including the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, which heightened tensions between the United States and Spain. Ultimately, McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war against Spain, leading to military engagements in the Caribbean and the Pacific. It's important to note that labeling McKinley's actions solely as "leading the country toward war" doesn't encompass his entire presidency, as he also oversaw economic expansion, implemented protective tariffs, and pursued other domestic and foreign policies.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The Republican Party in the United States was primarily composed of various groups, including former Whigs, anti-slavery activists, and northern Democrats. Its major goal was to halt the spread of slavery and ultimately abolish it. Founded in the mid-1850s, the party sought to unite individuals and factions who were against the expansion of slavery into new territories.

Through their advocacy for free soil, economic development, and moral opposition to slavery, the Republicans played a crucial role in the lead-up to the American Civil War and the eventual emancipation of enslaved people.

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During the era of the transatlantic slave change, Europeans provided diverse goods and commodities to Africans in exchange for slaves. These objects protected firearms, ammunition, textiles, alcohol, beads, metallic goods, and synthetic products. The exchange of these goods for slaves was part of a complex community of alternate relationships mounted along the African coast.

Slaves had been received from the Africans indoors through one-of-a-kind methods, together with battle, raids, kidnapping, and shooting people via intertribal conflicts. African intermediaries, inclusive of African investors and chiefs, performed a function in the acquisition and sale of slaves to European slave traders. The strategies used to achieve slaves numerous across regions and time intervals, and the money owed to Barbot and Equiano offers insights into a number of these techniques.

Barbot and Equiano offer distinctive views on the techniques used to achieve slaves. While Barbot, in his account, focuses greater on the industrial components and the cooperation of African investors, Equiano highlights the violence and brutalities related to the slave trade, inclusive of his private experience of being kidnapped and enslaved.

Christianity had a complicated interaction with the slave trade. Some Christian missionaries and abolitionists denounced the slave exchange and recommended the rights and freedom of enslaved Africans. However, Christianity changed into also being used by some European slave investors and owners to justify and perpetuate the organization of slavery.

The presence of Christian beliefs in the context of the slave alternate varies depending on the individuals involved and their interpretation of spiritual teachings.

In Barbot's account, there are instances in which he references Christian values and justifications for his involvement in the slave exchange. He portrays himself as a religious Christian and attempts to reconcile his actions with his nonsecular ideals, despite the fact that his descriptions also reveal the inherent contradictions and moral dilemmas of the slave exchange.

It is critical to method these ancient accounts with a critical lens. Exaggeration and distortion of descriptions have been now not uncommon, as people regularly had personal agendas, biases, or preferred outcomes in presenting their narratives.

Barbot may also have selectively emphasized certain elements or downplayed others to provide himself with an extra favorable light. Equiano, however, may have exaggerated the issues and sufferings he experienced to spotlight the inhumanity and brutality of the slave trade.

Overall, even as each Barbot and Equiano provide valuable insights into the slave change, readers ought to take into account the subjective nature of the money owed and technique them significantly, contemplating the ancient context and the views of the authors.

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Answer: "Myth" is a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings or events.

Explanation:

Answer: On November 6, 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States -- an event that outraged southern states. The Republican party had run on an anti-slavery platform, and many southerners felt that there was no longer a place for them in the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded.

Explanation: ↑

True. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to declare war.

What is Articles of Confederation?

The Articles of Confederation refers to the first constitution of the United States, which was in effect from 1781 to 1789. It served as the framework for the newly formed United States of America after the American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation established a system of government that was characterized by a weak central government and a strong emphasis on states' rights.

Key features of the Articles of Confederation include:

1. Limited Central Government: The central government had limited powers and was intentionally designed to be weaker than the individual state governments. This was done to prevent the concentration of power and maintain the sovereignty of the states.

2. Unicameral Legislature: The Articles created a unicameral legislature known as the Congress of the Confederation. Each state had one vote in Congress, regardless of size or population.

3. Lack of Executive and Judicial Branch: The Articles did not establish a separate executive branch or a national judiciary. There was no president or federal court system.

4. States' Sovereignty: The states retained significant power and autonomy, including the ability to regulate commerce, levy taxes, and maintain their own militias.

5. Limited Revenue and Finances: The central government had limited authority to levy taxes and raise revenue, which often led to financial difficulties and an inability to address the nation's debts.

6. Difficult Amendment Process: Amending the Articles required the unanimous consent of all states, making it challenging to enact changes or address the shortcomings of the system.

The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, including the lack of central authority, inability to regulate commerce, and difficulties in raising revenue, ultimately led to its replacement by the United States Constitution in 1789. The Constitution established a stronger federal government with separate branches, providing for a more effective and balanced system of governance.

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Complete question:

Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to declare war. True/ False

The following quote reveals that the experience shown in the image was probably rare after the Civil War: "Most people were able to rebuild their lives quickly.

"The image discussed would be a picture of extreme destruction or poverty, which indicates that the people in the photograph are unlikely to have recovered easily. Reconstruction, while it was primarily targeted at bringing the country back together, did not address the economic and social inequities that existed before the Civil War. The southern economy was based on agriculture, with cotton being the primary crop. This meant that many white landowners benefited from cheap labor and trade connections to the north. As a result, when the war ended, the majority of Southerners were forced to start over, including some of those who had owned the laborers. Many African Americans were enslaved even after the war and remained in a state of poverty for generations afterward. As a result, the experience depicted in the image was probably uncommon after the Civil War, as most people were able to rebuild their lives quickly.

The term "Civil War" typically refers to an armed conflict that occurs within the borders of a single country between opposing factions or groups. Civil wars usually arise from political, social, or economic disagreements and often involve the struggle for control of the government or territory.

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The Civil War caused a lot of destruction, and not everyone was able to return to their normal lives quickly.

Option a: "It was a time of great change and progress." This quote implies that the experience shown in the image was common and not rare after the Civil War.

Option b: "Most people were able to rebuild their lives quickly." This quote implies that the experience shown in the image was common and not rare after the Civil War.

Option c: "The destruction caused by the war was extensive." This quote implies that the experience shown in the image was common and not rare after the Civil War.

Option d: "Life returned to normal for everyone involved." This quote reveals that the experience shown in the image was probably rare after the Civil War. The Civil War caused a lot of destruction, and not everyone was able to return to their normal lives quickly.

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Federalists were individuals who supported the ratification of the Constitution during the late 1780s.

They argued that the nation needed a strong central government and that the Constitution provided the necessary framework. They were largely educated and affluent and their ranks included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

According to the Federalists, the Constitution formed a government that was capable of finally uniting the states, and that it also provided a foundation for the United States to become a powerful and prosperous nation. Further, the new government proposed by the Constitution provided for adequate checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

The Federalists also argued that the new government would be able to provide important services and to enforce national laws to protect citizens and private property. Despite their best efforts, the Federalists faced strong opposition from anti-federalists, who were suspicious of the new government and feared that it would curtail individual rights.

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Answer:

Lech Walesa

Explanation:

The Gilded Age Reformers were successful to a certain extent. The Gilded Age (1877-1900) was an era of extensive industrialization, significant economic growth, and technological advancement.

The reformers from the Gilded Age focused on making changes to improve the social and economic conditions of the United States. They sought to address various issues in society, including labor exploitation, corruption, and social inequality. Despite their efforts, the Gilded Age Reformers faced numerous challenges and limitations, thus affecting their success.

Here are some of the successes and limitations of the Gilded Age Reformers. Successes of the Gilded Age Reformers

1. Industrial and labor reforms: The Gilded Age Reformers advocated for better working conditions, minimum wage, and fair working hours for laborers. Through their efforts, various labor reforms were introduced, including the establishment of labor unions and the regulation of child labor. The labor reforms led to an improvement in the working conditions of laborers and reduced exploitation.

2. Progressive era reforms: The Gilded Age Reformers were instrumental in the introduction of progressive era reforms. The progressive era reforms focused on reducing corruption and promoting accountability in government. The reforms included the introduction of anti-trust laws, which sought to eliminate monopolies and promote competition. The progressive era reforms led to increased accountability in government and reduced corruption.

Limitations of the Gilded Age Reformers

1. Racism and discrimination: The Gilded Age Reformers were not successful in addressing issues of racism and discrimination. They did not actively advocate for the rights of African Americans, and segregation continued to be a major issue in society.

2. Limited success in women's suffrage: The Gilded Age Reformers made limited progress in promoting women's suffrage. Women were not allowed to vote during this period, and it was only until 1920 that the 19th Amendment was introduced, allowing women to vote.

3. Limited success in achieving social reforms: Despite the efforts of the Gilded Age Reformers, they were not successful in achieving significant social reforms. Social inequality continued to be a major issue in society, and the reforms did not adequately address the needs of all individuals.

Overall, the Gilded Age Reformers were successful to a certain extent, but they faced numerous challenges and limitations. While they were successful in introducing labor reforms and progressive era reforms, they were not successful in addressing issues of racism and discrimination or achieving significant social reforms.

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The Works Progress Administration( WPA) was established in the United States during the Great Depression with the primary  thing of   provide employment on useful projects Therefore the correct option is C.

The agency's primary focus was to develop and execute useful  systems that would not only  give jobs but also  help in the development and reconstruction of American society. The WPA produced a wide variety of public  workshop  systems, including  structure development, road construction,

and the construction of public  structures,  premises  and playgrounds. The agency also supported the development of the  trades by commissioning artists, musicians, and  pens to produce  workshop of art. furnishing handouts to the jobless wasn't a primary  ideal of the WPA; rather, it aimed to  give meaningful work to help reduce the impact of the Great Depression on American society.

Hence the correct option is C

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Answer: Between the 1820s and 1850, as more white males won the right to vote and political parties became more organized, the character of American democracy changed. It became more partisan and more raucous, a turn that bred ambivalence and even discontent with politics and the dominant parties.

Explanation: ↑

The landmark case decided by the Supreme Court in 1973, striking down state laws on abortion, was Roe v. Wade.

In 1973, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the case of Roe v. Wade, which had a profound impact on the legal landscape regarding abortion. The court's decision, written by Justice Harry Blackmun, established that the constitutional right to privacy encompasses a woman's right to have an abortion. Prior to this ruling, many states had restrictive laws that criminalized or severely limited access to abortion services.

The Roe v. Wade decision invalidated these laws, recognizing a woman's right to make decisions about her own body during the early stages of pregnancy. This case remains one of the most significant and controversial decisions in the history of the Supreme Court, shaping the ongoing debate on abortion rights in the United States.

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Contribution to modern science was made by Andreas Vesalius b. He published On the Structure of the Human Body which became the foundation of modern anatomy. Newton's book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy argue d. that mathematical principles could be applied to our understanding of the natural world. The Renaissance rediscovery of the work of Egyptian astronomer a. Ptolemy's system no longer seemed to work with what scientists were observing, and scientists began to look for other theories.

Andreas Vesalius, who was an anatomist and physician, contributed to modern science through his work on the human body's structure.

Vesalius published his work On the Structure of the Human Body, which is considered to be the foundation of modern anatomy, option B.

In this book, he refuted earlier teachings about the human body's structure, mainly those of Galen.

He emphasized that the human body's structure could be learned through dissection and direct observation.

In the 16th century, the vaccination that helped reduce the death rate across Europe was created by Edward Jenner.

Therefore, option A is not correct.

Vesalius is not considered to be the founder of physiology.

Though he contributed significantly to the field of physiology, this title is usually given to a German physiologist named Albrecht von Haller.

Hence, option C is incorrect.

Vesalius wrote public letters criticizing the Church for its non-acceptance of early scientific thought, but this is not his significant contribution to modern science.

Therefore, option D is incorrect.

The book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was written by Isaac Newton.

It argued that mathematical principles could be applied to our understanding of the natural world, option D.

According to Newton, mathematics was an essential tool for unlocking the secrets of the universe, including gravity, the motions of planets, and the properties of light.

Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

The Renaissance rediscovery of the work of Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy helped start the Scientific Revolution because Ptolemy's system no longer seemed to work with what scientists were observing, and scientists began to look for other theories, option A.

During this period, there were significant developments in various fields, including astronomy, physics, and mathematics.

Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect.

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Following Lincoln's election as President of the United States, the Southern states seceded from the Union. The correct answer is option 1.

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