Which compliment pathway involves binding of compliment to the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial cell wall?
a) Classic Pathway
b) Mannose-binding Lectin Pathway
c) Alternative Pathway
The complement pathway that involves binding of complement to the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial cell wall is: Alternative Pathway. (Option c)
The alternative pathway is one of the three main complement activation pathways, alongside the classical pathway and the lectin pathway. It is called the alternative pathway because it can be initiated directly without the need for specific antibody-antigen complexes.
In the alternative pathway, complement proteins, such as C3, can spontaneously and continuously undergo low-level activation in the bloodstream. This activation occurs when complement proteins interact with certain molecules present on the surface of microorganisms, including the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer of bacterial cell walls.
The binding of complement proteins to the LPS layer triggers a cascade of enzymatic reactions, leading to the generation of complement fragments, such as C3b. These fragments can then bind to the bacterial surface, promoting opsonization (marking bacteria for phagocytosis), triggering inflammation, and ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial cells.
Therefore, the correct answer is c) Alternative Pathway.
To know more about bacterial cell wall follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/30772490
#SPJ4
Stage 2 (short term swim failure) occurs 3-30 minutes following immersion in cold water. What happens in Stage 2 if cold water immersion?
When cold water immersion occurs, in Stage 2 (short term swim failure) which takes place 3-30 minutes after immersion, the victim experiences the physiological changes such as hyperventilation,
which is rapid and deep breathing that exceeds the metabolic needs of the body, leading to carbon dioxide loss. It could lead to hypocapnia when there is an abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Below are other physiological changes experienced during Stage 2 (short term swim failure):Lack of coordination Inability to carry out simple tasks such as swimming Muscle cramps Reduced core body temperature Cyanosis (the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood)
This results in the inability to swim or perform other tasks that involve the use of limbs. In more than 100 cases, the victim quickly loses consciousness and drowns.
To know more about carbon visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13046593
#SPJ11
Stage 2 of short-term swim failure following immersion in cold water involves peripheral vasoconstriction, shivering, and cognitive impairment.
Explanation:In stage 2 of short-term swim failure following immersion in cold water, several physiological changes occur. One significant change is the constriction of blood vessels in the arms and legs, known as peripheral vasoconstriction. This occurs as a result of the body's attempt to redirect blood flow to vital organs in order to maintain core body temperature.
In addition, during stage 2, shivering may begin as a way to generate heat and increase body temperature. Shivering helps the body to maintain its thermoregulation.
Finally, cognitive impairment can occur during stage 2. This includes difficulties with concentration, decision-making, and coordination, which can impact a person's ability to swim and increase the risk of drowning.
Learn more about Stage 2 of Short-term Swim Failure in Cold Water here:https://brainly.com/question/32688147
Imagine that there is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene for the Notch receptor in the progenitor cell of C. elegans. How does that mutation affect vulva development
Answer:
Hello your question is incomplete attached below is the complete question
answer :
None of the progenator cells differentiate into type 2 cells. ( A )
Explanation:
Due to the loss-of- function mutation in the gene for the Notch receptor in the progenitor cell of C elegans , This causes The progenator cells for type 1 to be differentiated to type 1 cells but the cells for type 2 will not be differentiated.
hence the answer is : None of the progenator cells differentiate into type 2 cells.
question 88 91) how is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? a) sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. b) sexual reproduction results in the most appropriate and healthiest balance of two sexes in a population. c) sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new mutations. d) sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to be produced.
Natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction: sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. The correct option is a.
How does sexual reproduction influence natural selection?The differentiating force of natural selection is influenced by sexual reproduction. Reproduction that is asexual produces offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. This means that all descendants inherit all of their parents' genetic material. In comparison to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction produces offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material from both parents.
This makes each new individual genetically different from both its parents and other members of the population. This increases the possibility that some individuals would be better adapted to their environment than others. The offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents, resulting in a greater variation in the population.
This variation may lead to the survival of some individuals with genetic adaptations that enable them to cope with changes in their environment, while others with unsuitable genetic adaptations would not be able to cope. In conclusion, natural selection is influenced by sexual reproduction because it results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. The correct option is a.
To know more about asexual reproduction, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/4100787#
#SPJ11
Which of these molecules would form a single covalent bond?
Group of answer choices
Na3N
NaCl
KCl
Cl2
Answer: Cl2
Explanation:
Describe asexual reproduction in your own words
Explanation: person,organism. that has no sexual feeling or thoughts about it
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is the process where an organism gives life to an identical genetic offspring, multiplying themselves
Explanation:
Pls help and thank me
The apical and basal surfaces are the 2 sides of all connective tissues.
A. True
B. False
As soil particle size decreases, capillary action will
Answer:
Increases
Explanation:
The smaller is the size of the soil, the greater is the interspace distance between the two soil particles. As this distance increases, the water gets more space to travel through thereby increasing the capillary action. Hence, as the size of soil particle reduces, capillarity increases.
Bonus Question
17)
What two major factors are involved in the conversion of primary pollutants into secondary pollutants?
A)
Sunlight and water
B)
Sulfates and sunlight
Water and volatile organics
D)
Nitrogen oxides and sulfates
The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page 475) The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page 475) it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct.
Answer:
All of the above are correct:
it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines it is general enough to provide many testable hypothesesExplanation:
The scientific theory is a conceptual framework used to explain facts or phenomena and to make predictions.
The theory is fundamental to science because it allows scientists to organize and understand observations.
The construction of a theory begins with a hypothesis. The scientist believes that a phenomenon occurs in a certain way, so he/she performs observations under the scientific method to prove that his/her hypothesis is valid or not valid. The systematization of the observations and the empirical data collected might derive from a scientific theory that explains the analyzed phenomenon.
A scientific theory is a knowledge that has been contrasted in several ways.
The theory of evolution has been tested in too many ways and by different disciplines, becoming one of the most strong theories. Research areas such as biology, genetics, paleontology, and geology, among others, have been tasting it and explaining many facts from it, which makes it broad enough to base on it any explanation of life.
What was the purpose of the Multiple Use Sustainable Yield Act?
To create standard expectations for various types of land use
To require companies to find several uses for any land they occupy
To designate any land that is home to endangered species as protected
To make sure that all aspects of a land’s use are considered in its management
Answer:
On June 12, 1960, Congress passed the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act, designed to prevent the obliteration of national forests by logging and water reclamation projects.
Explanation:
What are the characteristics of iodine ?
Question 1 of 5
What is one way water moves through the nonliving parts of an ecosystem
during the water cycle?
A. Transpiration
B. Evaporation
ОООО
C. Photosynthesis
D. Sweating
Summarize the taxonomic classification system.
Answer:
The taxonomic classification system (also called the Linnaean system after its inventor, Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician) uses a hierarchical model. Moving from the point of origin, the groups become more specific, until one branch ends as a single species.
Explanation:
Answer:
The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model. Moving from the point of origin, the groups become more specific, until one branch ends as a single species.
pls answer soon 8th grade science
Answer: 1. Is true 2. is false 3. Is true 4 is true 5. Is false 6. Is true 7. Is false 8. Is true 9. Is true 10 is false 11. Is false
I couldn’t answer so I just commented the answers to part 1
Part b. 12. B, 13. E, 14. A, 15. D, 16. C.
now I did as a actua answer
Explanation:
Explain the mistake you see in image 1
Answer:
There is no image
Explanation:
Try and upload it
Produces and secretes bile. Alternates contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles along the length of the GI tract. Largest salivary gland anterior to each ear. Another term for chewing. Covers dentin and glues the teeth to the periodontal ligament. Secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Vessels absorbing and transporting fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic juice enters this region of the small intestine. Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Finger-like extensions in the epithelial cell membrane.
Answer:
The correct answer would be -
1. liver 2. peristasis 3. parotid 4. mastication 5. cemuntum 6. parietal cell 7. Lacteal 8. duodenum 9. Pancreas 10. microvilli
Explanation:
The liver is the gland or the organ that is responsible for the production of bile and secreted into the duodenum during digestion.
Peristalsis is the movement that helps in forwarding propulsion of food/bolus
The parotid is a gland that produces and secrets saliva for moistening the food and digesting carbohydrates.
Mastication is a process that helps in crushing and breaking the food into smaller pieces.
Cementum is a substance that covers the root of the teeth and glues the teeth to the periodontal ligament.
Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid to remove the pathogens and activating pepsinogen.
Lacteal vessels absorb fatty acids and transport them
Duodenum is the region where pancreatic juice and bile is secreted.
The pancreas is an organ and gland that acts as exocrine and endocrine gland
Microvilli are the projection look like fingers in the epithelial cell membrane.
Explain how the interaction of the Sun, the atmosphere, and the oceans produce winds.
Answer:
The heating of the Earth's surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and ocean. This convection produces winds and ocean currents. The greater the pressure differences between a low-pressure area and a high-pressure area, the stronger the winds.
Explanation:
The heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and ocean. This convection produces winds and ocean currents. The greater the pressure differences between a low-pressure area and a high-pressure area, the stronger the winds.
suggest reasons why missplicing errors may result in cf. be specific and refer to what you have learned about dna mutations and protein synthesis in the cell.
"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. This gene provides instructions for the production of a protein that is responsible for the regulation of ion transport in cells."
Missplicing errors may result in CF for the following reasons:DNA mutations Mutations are changes that occur in the genetic material of an organism, DNA, which can affect how proteins are synthesized in the cell. Mutations in the CFTR gene can lead to the production of an abnormal protein or to the absence of the protein, which can cause CF.Protein synthesisMissplicing errors occur when the introns, non-coding regions, of a gene are not removed properly, leading to the production of an abnormal protein. In the case of CF, the missplicing of the CFTR gene can result in a protein that is not functional, leading to the symptoms of CF. Therefore, missplicing errors can cause CF by disrupting the normal protein synthesis process, resulting in an abnormal protein that does not function properly.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene provides instructions for producing a protein that is responsible for maintaining the balance of salt and water in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, and digestive system.
There are more than 1,700 different mutations identified in the CFTR gene that can cause cystic fibrosis. The most common mutation is known as ΔF508 (Delta F508), which accounts for approximately 70% of CF cases in individuals of European descent. This mutation involves a deletion of three nucleotides in the CFTR gene, resulting in the loss of a phenylalanine amino acid at position 508 of the CFTR protein.
The ΔF508 mutation leads to a defective CFTR protein that is misfolded and degraded before it reaches the cell surface. As a result, chloride ions are unable to move through the CFTR channel properly, disrupting the normal flow of salt and water across cell membranes. This disturbance affects the function of various organs, particularly the respiratory and digestive systems.
Other less common CFTR gene mutations can also cause cystic fibrosis, and the specific mutation a person carries can affect the severity and progression of the disease. Genetic testing is used to identify CFTR gene mutations in individuals suspected of having cystic fibrosis or as a part of carrier screening to assess the risk of passing on the condition to future children.
It's important to note that advances in genetic research and personalized medicine continue to expand our understanding of cystic fibrosis and the role of different mutations in the disease. New therapies and treatments are being developed to target specific genetic mutations and improve outcomes for individuals with cystic fibrosis.
To know more about cystic fibrosis visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16908930
#SPJ11
The behavior of an organism is influenced by both internal and external factors. How might a bear be influenced by external factors in its environment? A. A decrease in the number of fish causes bears to start consuming more plants. B. An increase in hunting causes bears to stay in covered areas and avoid humans. C. A decrease in temperature causes bears to look for food during the day instead of at night. D. all of these
Answer:
D. all of these
Explanation:
I just got it right in study island (:
Answer:
it's D
Explanation:
white sands national monument in New mexico has hundreds of miles of white sand dunes made of gypsum crystals. which of the following would you expect to be true of white sands national monument?
a. it receives no radiation
b. it is immune to insolation
c. it has a high albedo
d. it has no heat capacity
Gypsum, a soft mineral frequently left behind when water bodies evaporate, is what gives the sands of White Sands National Monument a high albedo their texture, hence option C is correct.
What is white sands national monument?Despite being a very common mineral, gypsum is rarely found as sand because it readily dissolves in water and is often transported to the sea by rivers.
The dunes seem white like snow additionally, gypsum doesn't absorb heat from the sun as silica sand does.
Therefore, gypsum is actually a transparent material, but due of the frequent collisions between the grains,, hence option C is correct.
Learn more about white sands, here:
https://brainly.com/question/9388569
#SPJ1
What would happen within a cell if it had a premature termination codon in the gene encoding the ER protein translocator?
A. There would be no transmembrane proteins found in any membranes in the cell B.Nonsense mediated decay (NMD) could interfere with translation of the mRNA encoding the ER protein translocator C. N-linked glycosylation on proteins usually translocated into the ER would not occur D. All of the above E B and C are correct
Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) can easily interfere with the translation of the mRNA which is responsible for encoding the ER protein translocator. Therefore, option "B" is correct. The genetic code consists of three STOP codons or nonsense codons which are UGA, UAG, and UAA.
These codons are frequently referred to as termination codons or nonsense codons. They do not encode any amino acid. Nonsense codon at the end of the polypeptide chain during translation is responsible for the end. Inserting a premature terminal codon (PTC) into a quality exon can code for incorrect mRNA, for example, cytoplasmic occasion.
Learn more about nonsense codons, here:
https://brainly.com/question/30972471
#SPJ4
What are exons and introns and how are they dealt with in the cell?
Answer:
Exons are coding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are translated into protein. Exons can be separated by intervening sections of DNA that do not code for proteins, known as introns.
Explanation:
Where doed fertilisation take place?
Answer:
please give me brainlist and follow
Explanation:
fallopian tube
Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing.
Which moon phase is represented in the diagram below?*
new
first
full
waning crescent
Answer:waning cresent
Explanation:waning crescent
A student remarks that it is a good thing that humans discovered how to use industrial processes to fix nitrogen because this ensures that the nitrogen cycle can remain intact if nitrogen-fixing bacteria ever go extinct. Evaluate the accuracy of this statement. A. The statement is accurate because humans are able to fix nitrogen on a large scale that rivals the rate of the process carried out by bacteria. B. The statement is inaccurate because the nitrogen cycle does not depend on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and their loss would not cause a problem. C. The statement is inaccurate because the product of nitrogen fixation through industrial processes does not have the same biological properties as the product of nitrogen fixation by bacteria. D. The statement is inaccurate because humans would not be able to distribute the product of nitrogen fixation from industrial processes in the same way that bacteria are able to distribute it globally now.
Answer:
D. The statement is inaccurate because humans would not be able to distribute the product of nitrogen fixation from industrial processes in the same way that bacteria are able to distribute it globally now.
Explanation:
Nitrogen fixing bacteria has the responsibility in nature to trap and fix atmospheric nitrogen in ecosystems. They are very important components of the nitrogen cycle and play an important role in maintaining the balance of nutrients in nature.
If humans discover industrial processes to fix nitrogen, the process will be unsustainable in the long run if nitrogen-fixing bacteria ever go extinct because humans would not be able to distribute the product of nitrogen fixation from industrial processes in the same way that bacteria are able to distribute it globally now across several ecosystems all over the world.
Water is a product of cellular respiration. True or False
Answer:
true
Explanation:
During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts. Water and carbon dioxide are released as byproducts.
a person is almost in the anatomical position but the palms of their hands are facing to the posterior. what type of muscle would turn the palms of the hands to the anterior?
The type of muscle that would turn the palms of the hands to the anterior is a supinator muscle.
What is supination?Supination is a rotational motion of the forearm. It occurs when the hand and forearm are rotated outward so that the palm faces up. The act of supination includes the supination of the forearm as well as the supination of the foot.
What is the supinator muscle?The supinator muscle is a muscle that helps in the movement of the elbow, forearm, and wrist. The muscle is located on the back of the forearm and connects the humerus bone to the radius bone. The supinator muscle, as its name implies, is responsible for supination, which is the movement of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand upward.
The supinator muscle is involved in supinating the forearm in response to certain motions, including the supination of the hand, to open a jar, or to turn a doorknob.
Learn more about Supination here: https://brainly.com/question/32216825
#SPJ11
Which planets have interiors made of partially frozen water and ammonia?